Beethoven - inyaniso ekhangayo ebomini. ULudwig van Beethoven - biography, ubugcisa

ULudwig van Beethoven usalokhu uyingxaki kwihlabathi lomculo. Wadala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala njengomfana oselula. U-Beethoven, inyaniso enomdla ukusuka ebomini bakhe kuze kube yimhla bayamenza ahloniphe ubuntu bakhe, acingisise bonke ubomi bakhe ukuba ikusasa lakhe liza kuba ngumculi omkhulu nomculi, eqinisweni, wayenjalo.

Intsapho kaLudwig van Beethoven

Italenta ekhethekileyo yomculo kwintsapho yayiyinzala kunye noyise kaLudwig. Nangona uvela kwintsika yakhe, owokuqala wakwazi ukuba nguKapellmeister enkundleni eBonn. ULudwig van Beethoven Sr. wayenezwi elikhethekileyo kunye nokuva. Emva kokuzalwa kwonyana kaYohn, umfazi wakhe uMaria-Theresa, owayenomdla wokusela utywala, wathunyelwa kwiindwendwe. Inkwenkwe, emva kokufikelela kwiminyaka emithandathu, yaqala ukufunda ingoma. Umntwana wayenelizwi elikhulu. Kamva, amadoda avela kohlobo lweBeethoven ayenze asebenze ndawonye kwinqanaba elinye. Ngelishwa, uyise kaLudwig wayengenalwazi kunye noomkhulu osebenza nzima, kungenxa yoko akazange afinyelele eziphakamileyo. Yintoni engazange ithathe kuYohn, yithando lotywala.

Unina kaBeethoven wayeyintombi yomphethi-nyuki. Utata owaziwayo wayechasene nomtshato, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, akaphazamanga. UMaria Magdalena Koverich wayesele ungumhlolokazi ngo-18. Kubantwana abasixhenxe kwintsapho entsha, kuphela abathathu kuphela abasinda. UMaria wayemthanda kakhulu unyana wakhe uLudwig, kwaye naye wayemthanda kakhulu unina.

Ubuntwana noLutsha

Umhla wokuzalwa kukaLudwig van Beethoven awubonakali nawaphi na amaxwebhu. Izazi-mlando zicinga ukuba umntwana wesibili kwintsapho yaseBethoven wazalwa ngo-Disemba 16, 1770, kuba wayebhaptizwe ngo-Disemba 17, kwaye ngokwemiqathango yamaKatolika, abantwana babhaptizwa ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuzalwa.

Xa le nkwenkwe yayineminyaka emithathu ubudala, umkhulu wakhe, umdala uLudwig Beethoven, wafa, kwaye umama wayelindele umntwana. Emva kokuzalwa komnye unyana, wayengenakuwuqwalasela unyana wakhe endala. Umntwana wakhula nje ngokuba ngumxhaphazi, apho wayevame ukuvalelwa egumbini ene-harpsichord. Kodwa, ngokumangalisayo, akazange adilize iintambo: mncinci uLudwig van Beethoven (umqambi kwixesha elizayo) wahlala kwaye wahlaziywa, edlala ngezandla zombini ngexesha elifanayo, into engavamile kubantwana abancinci. Kanye, ngexesha lo msebenzi, umntwana wathola uyise. Ukuzikhethela kudlala kuye. Ngokukhawuleza uLudwig wakhe omncinci unengqondo kakhulu njengoMoart? Kwakulo xesha u-Johann waqala ukufundisisa nonyana wakhe, kodwa wayeqeshisa abafundisi abafanelekayo ngaphezu kwakhe.

Ngoxa uTata wayephila, ngubani owayeyinhloko yendlu, uLudwig Beethoven omncinane wayephila ngokukhululekile. Kwiminyaka emva kokufa kukaBeethoven, uSr. waba ngumvavanyo olunzima kumntwana. Intsapho yayisoloko iswele ngenxa yobunxila bukayise, kwaye uLudwig oneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu ubudala waba yindlalifa yokuphila.

Isimo sengqondo ekufundeni

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngabantu bexesha kunye nabahlobo beengoma zomculo, ngokungafanekiyo ngaloo mihla badibanise ingqondo engqondweni, eyayineBethoven. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ebomini bomqambi adibene ne-arithmetical illiteracy. Mhlawumbi i-pianist enekhono ayinakukwazi ukufundisa izibalo ngenxa yokuba kufuneka asebenze ngaphandle kokugqiba isikolo, mhlawumbi nayo yonke into engqondweni. ULudwig van Beethoven akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ongenalwazi. Wafunda iincwadi ezininzi, wayebathanda uShakespeare, uHomer, uPlutarch, wayethanda imisebenzi kaGoethe noSchiller, wayesazi isiFrentshi nesiTaliyane, kwaye wayeziLatin. Kwaye kwakunobungqina bokucinga kwengqondo yokuba wayenetyala lolwazi lwakhe, kungekhona imfundo efunyenwe esikolweni.

Ootitshala beBeethoven

Ukususela ebuntwaneni bokuqala Umculo kaBeethoven, ngokungafani nemisebenzi yabantu bakhe, wazalwa entloko yakhe. Wadlala ulwahlulo kwiintlobo zonke zeengoma ezaziwayo kuye, kodwa ngenxa yokuba uyise wayekholelwa ukuba kwakuselula ukuba ahlabelele iingoma, le nkwenkwe ayizange ibhale phantsi iingoma zakhe ixesha elide.

Ootitshala, awayeziswe nguyise, ngamanye amaxesha babengabalingani bakhe bokusela, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha baba ngabacebisi be-virtuoso.

Umntu wokuqala, uBevenven ngokwakhe ukhumbula ngokufudumala, wayengumhlobo kayise-inkundla ye-Eden. Udokotela uPfeifer ufundise ukudlala le nkwenkwe kwiqhwitha kunye ne-harpsichord. Kwixesha elithile, umonki uKoch wafundisa umntwana onobuchule waza wase Khantsman. Emva koko wabonakala i-violinist uRomine.

Xa le nkwenkwe yayineminyaka engama-7 ubudala, uyise wayenquma ukuba umsebenzi kaBeethoven, Jr. kufuneka ube ngumphakathi, aze ahlele ikhonkethi yakhe eCologne. Ngokutsho kweengcali, uJohn waqonda ukuba i-pianist ebonakalayo evela eLudwig ayisebenzi, kwaye ke, uyise waqhubeka ekhokela kumntwana wootitshala.

Abaphathi

Kungekudala umKristu uGottlob Nephe wafika kwisixeko saseBonn. Enoba yena ngokwakhe waya endlwini kaBeethoven waza wabonisa umnqweno wokuba ngumfundisi we talente encinane, okanye uBawo uJohn wabeka isandla sakhe kulo, awaziwa. UNef waba ngumcebisi, lowo uBethoven-umqambi wayekhumbula konke ubomi bakhe. ULudwig, emva kokuvuma kwakhe, wayethuma uNef noPfeiffer imali ethile njengesibonakaliso sokubulela iminyaka yokuqeqeshwa kunye noncedo olwenziwe kuye ebusheni bakhe. KwakunguNe oye wanceda ukukhuthaza umculi weminyaka elishumi elinesithathu enkundleni. Nguye owazisa uBeethoven emsebenzini kaBach kunye nezinye izikhanyiso zomhlaba womculo.

Umsebenzi kaBeethoven wawuchukumiswanga nje kuphela nguBach - umlingisi osemncinci waseMoart. Ngesinye isikhathi ekufikeni eVienna, wayenenzuzo enkulu yokudlala i-Amadeus enkulu. Ekuqaleni, umqambi omkhulu wase-Austrian wathatha umdlalo kaLudwig ngokukrakra, eyamkela njengomsebenzi owaziwa ngaphambili. Emva koko i-pianist enenkani iphakamisa ukuba uMootart ngokwakhe usethe isihloko ngokuhlukahluka. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, uWolfgang Amadeus waphulaphule, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, emdlalweni walo mfana, waza wada wamemeza ukuba ihlabathi lonke liza kuqala ukuthetha ngetalente elincinane. Amagama eklasi ayesiprofeto.

UBeethoven wakwazi ukuthatha izifundo ezimbalwa ezivela eMozart. Kungekudala kwafika iindaba zokufa kukaMama, kwaye le ndoda yayisuka eVienna.

Emva kokuba utitshala wakhe wayengumqambi owaziwayo njengoJoseph Haydn, kodwa abazange bafumane ulwimi olufanayo. Kwaye omnye wabacebisi - uJohn Georg Albrechtsberger - wayebhekisele uBheethoven ukungabikho kwetalente ngokupheleleyo kunye nomntu ongenakukwazi ukufunda nantoni na.

Umntu womculi

Imbali kaBeethoven kunye neempembelelo ebomini bakhe yashiya uphawu oluphawulekayo emsebenzini wakhe, wenza ubuso bakhe buso, kodwa akazange aphule ulutsha olunenkani nolunamandla. NgoJulayi 1787, umntu osondeleyo kuLudwig, unina, wafa. Le nsizwa yafumana ilahleko enkulu. Emva kokufa kukaMary-Magdalene, yena ngokwakhe waphawula-wabulawa yi-typhus, emva koko i-smallpox. Ebudeni bendoda leyo yayisinezilonda, kwaye amehlo am yahlaselwa yi-myopia. Ukunyamekela abazalwana abancinci abancinci abaselula ukuba bathathe. Uyise wayenxilisile waza wafa emva kweminyaka emihlanu.

Zonke ezi ntlekele zengxaki zathintela umlingiswa wendoda. Wavalwa kwaye akahlawulelwanga. Wayedla ngokukhawuleza kunye nobuhlungu. Kodwa abahlobo bakhe nabahlali baxela ukuba, nangona kunjalo, uBeethoven wahlala engumhlobo wenene. Imali yawanceda bonke abahlobo bakhe ababefuna, banikezela abazalwana kunye nabantwana babo. Akumangalisi ukuba umculo kaBeethoven wawubonakala kubantu bakhe bebuhlungu kwaye bebuhlungu, kuba bekubonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi langaphakathi le-maestro ngokwakhe.

Ubomi bomntu

Akukho nto eyaziwayo malunga namava okomoya omculi omkhulu. UBeethoven wayeqhotyoshelwe kubantwana, wayebathanda abafazi abalungileyo, kodwa akazange adale intsapho. Kuyaziwa ukuba owokuqala yakhe yintombi ka-Elena von Breining-Lorkhen. Wazinikezelwa kumculo kaBeethoven wee-80 zokugqibela.

U-Juliette Guicciardi waba yintando yokuqala yongqondo omkhulu. Oku akumangalisi, ngenxa yokuba umfazi ongumtalikazi ongumNtaliyane wayemhle, uguquguqukayo, kwaye unomdla wokumculo, kwaye umfundisi wakhe oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, u-Beethoven wayegxile kuye. Iinkalo ezinomdla malunga nobomi bentsimi zidibene nalo mntu. U-Sonata no-14, kamva wabizwa ngokuba ngu "Lunar", wanikezelwa kule ngelosi ethile kwinyama. U-Beethoven wabhalela umhlobo wakhe uFranz Wegler, apho wavuma khona imizwa yakhe enzulu ngoJuliet. Kodwa emva konyaka weeklasi kunye nobuhlobo obumnene, uJuliet watshata no-Count Gallenberg, oye waqwalasela ingcali. Kukho iingxelo ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa umtshato wabo awuphumelelanga, kwaye uJuliet wabuyela kuBeethoven uncedo. Umntu owayengumthandi wanginika imali, kodwa wandibuza ukuba ndingabuyi kwakhona.

U-Theresa Brunswick - omnye umfundi womqambi omkhulu - waba ngumsebenzi wokuzilibazisa omtsha. Wazinikela ekukhuliseni abantwana kunye nothando. Kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi u-Beethoven udibene nobungane bakhe ngeposi.

UBetina Brentano - umbhali kunye nentombi yaseGoethe - yayiyinto yokuzonwabisa yokugqibela yomqambi. Kodwa ngo-1811 naye wadibana nobomi bakhe nomnye umbhali.

Uthando olude kakhulu lukaBeethoven lwaluthando lomculo.

Umculo womqambi omkhulu

Ubunjalo uBevenven akazange afake igama lakhe kwimbali. Yonke imisebenzi yakhe iyingcweti yomculo weklasi yomhlaba. Kwiminyaka yobomi bomqambi, indlela yakhe yokusebenza kunye neengoma zomculo zaziyizinto ezintsha. Kwirejista engaphantsi neyephezulu ngexesha elinye, akukho mntu olidlalayo kwaye akazange abhale iingoma.

Kwomsebenzi womqambi, oomlando bezembali bahlula amaxesha amaninzi:

• Ekuqaleni, xa kubhaliwe ukuhluka kunye nemidlalo. Emva koko uBeethoven wabhala iingoma eziliqela kubantwana.
• Iyokuqala-ixesha le-Viennese - lisusela ngo-1792-1802. Kakade i-pianist eyaziwayo kunye nomqambi wenqatshulwa ngokupheleleyo kwindlela yokusebenza ebalulekileyo kuye eBonn. Umculo kaBeethoven uba yinto entsha, inomdla, imvelo. Indlela yokusebenza eyenza ababukeli bakuphulaphule umphefumlo owodwa, bahlalise izandi zeengoma ezintle. Umbhali weenombolo zakhe ezintsha. Ngalesi sikhathi ubhala ama-chamber ensembles kunye nemidlalo yepiyano.

• 1803 - 1809 iminyaka. Kwakuboniswa yimisebenzi ephazamisayo ebonisa ukukhathazeka okukrakra kukaLudwig van Beethoven. Ngethuba eli xesha wabhala i-opera yakhe kuphela uFidelio. Zonke iziqulatho zeli xesha zizaliswe umdlalo kwaye ziqhekeze.
• Umculo wexesha lokugqibela ulinganiswe kwaye unzima ukuqonda, kwaye abanye ababukeli abazange babone naziphi na iikonkethi. ULudwig van Beethoven akazange athathe into enjalo. U-sonata ozinikezele kwi-duke yaseRuke Rudph ibhalelwe ngeli xesha.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kweentsuku zakhe, umculi omkhulu, kodwa sele sele egule kakhulu umgulane wagula ukuhlaziya umculo, owathi waba yinto ebonakalayo yelifa lemveli yehlabathi leXVIII inkulungwane.

Izifo

UBeethoven wayengumntu oqhelekileyo kwaye onomshushu. Inyaniso echaphazelekayo ebomini ihambelana nexesha lokugula kwakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1800, umculi waqala ukuvakalelwa ezindlebeni zakhe. Emva kwexesha elithile, oogqirha bavuma ukuba ukugula kwakungenakuphiliswa. Umqambi wayesecaleni lokuzibulala. Washiya uluntu kunye nehlabathi eliphezulu kwaye wahlala kwindawo yokuzimela ixesha elithile. Emva kwexesha elithile, uLudwig waqhubeka ebhala ememori, ehlaziya izandi entloko yakhe. Eli thuba lomsebenzi womqambi libizwa ngokuba "ligorha." Ekupheleni kobomi uBheethoven uyisithulu ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela yokugqibela yomqambi omkhulu

Ukufa kukaBeethoven kwakuyintlungu enkulu kubo bonke abalandeli bomqambi. Wafa ngoMatshi 26, 1827. Isizathu asizange sicaciswe. Ngexesha elide uBeethoven wahlushwa ngesifo sesibindi, wahlushwa iintlungu zesisu. Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, i-géeni yathumela kwihlabathi elizayo ingxakeko yengqondo ehambelana nokunyaniseka komntakwabo.

Idatha yakutshanje efunyenwe ngabasosayensi baseBrithani ibonisa ukuba umqambi wayengenakucokisa ubuthi ngothutho. Umxholo wale nsimbi kwisigxina somculo sasikhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngama-100 ngaphezu kwesigqirha.

Beethoven: inyaniso enomdla ebomini

Makhe shwa nkathele oku kukhankanywe apha kwinqaku. Ubomi bukaBeethoven, njengokufa kwakhe, bekuninzi ngamahlebezi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle.

Umhla wokuzalwa kwenkwenkwe enempilo kwintsapho yaseBeethoven iphakamisa ukungathandabuzeki kunye neengxabano. Abanye ababhali-mlando bathi abazali beengqiqo zomculo ezizayo babegula, ngoko ke i-priori yayingeke ibe nabantwana abanempilo.

Isalente somqambi savuswa kumntwana kwizifundo zokuqala zokudlala i-harpsichord: wadlala iintsimbi ezaye ekhanda lakhe. UBawo phantsi kweentlungu zesigwebo esivumele umntwana ukuba akhiqize iingoma ezingenangqondo, kwavunyelwa kuphela ukufunda kwiphepha.

Umculo kaBeethoven wawunomxholo wokudakumba, ubunzima kunye nokudangala. Omnye wabafundisi bakhe - omkhulu uJoseph Haydn - wabhala malunga nale nto eya eLudwig. Kwaye, okokugqibela, waphendula ngokuthi uHaydn wayengamfundanga nantoni na.

Ngaphambi kokuba aqambe umculo, uBeethoven wayigcoba intloko yakhe kwisitya semanzi ebandayo. Ezinye iingcali zithi iinkqubo ezinjalo zingenza ukuba abe sisithulu.

Umculi wayethanda ikhofi waza wayiqhawula rhoqo ukususela kwiingqolowa ezingama-64.

Njengeyiphi na ingqiqo enkulu, uBeethoven wayengenandaba nokubonakala kwakhe. Wayehlala ehamba ephazamisekile kwaye engahlali.

Ngomhla wokufa komculi, imvelo yaqhuma: isiphepho saphuka nge-blizzard, isichotho kunye neendudumo. Ngomzuzu wokugqibela wobomi bakhe, uBeethoven wakhupha intonga yakhe waza wayesongela isibhakabhaka okanye amandla angaphezulu.

Enye yezimvo ezintle zengqondo: "Umculo kufuneka uthinte umlilo emphefumlweni womntu."