Umzekelo wokuzinzisa ukhetho lokukhetha nokuqhuba imoto. Imizekelo yesenzo sokhetho oluzinzileyo

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wokukhetha ukuzinzisa ukhetho lwendalo oluhambelana nabantu abanokuphambuka kweempawu eziphambili, xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho oqhelekileyo.

Izixhobo zokukhethwa

Isizukulwana ngasinye silahlekisa abantu abahluke kwiiparitha eziqhelekileyo kwiimpawu ezithile. Umzekelo wokukhetha ukuzinzisa kwizinto eziphilayo kuhambelana nokulondolozwa kwimeko yoluntu. Ukuba ubukho obugcweleyo, abameli balo bazama ukukhetha imeko ephezulu yokufumana impilo kwiimeko ezithile.

Uhlobo oluthile

Umzekelo wokuzinzisa ukunyuswa kwemvelo kwindalo yinkxaso ephezulu kwi-pool yolwazi lwezizukulwana ezitsha ukusuka kubantu abaninzi kakhulu. Kodwa izazinzulu zakwazi ukubonisa ukuba zenze iimbonakalo ezininzi zezilwanyana zenyama kunye neentaka, eqinisweni imeko ihlukile. Ukuba kukho inani elikhulu leentshontsho kwidlwana elinye, kunzima ukuzilondla, ngoko ke zincinci kakhulu kwaye zibuthathaka kunezo ezikhula kwinani eliphakathi. Ngaloo ndlela, abaphandi baphumelela ekuqinisekiseni ukunyaniseka kwimizekelo yesenzo sokwenza uzinzo, ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa nokuphila kwiintaka ngezinga eliphakathi lokuzala.

Ukhetho olwenzelwa ukulinganiswa kwemilinganiselo

Xa kuthelekiswa iintaka ngeenombolo ezahlukeneyo zenzalo, kwavela ukuba kukho imiqondiso emininzi ebonisa imimiselo yohlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhetha. Izilwanyana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa, ezinobunzima bokunciphisa umzimba, kunye nesisindo somzimba obuninzi, ngokufayo safa ngo-1-2 ngeveki yobomi. Ngokubhekisele kwiibhubhu kunye neerameter parameters, zikwazi ukunyamezela iiveki zokuqala zazo, zaveliswa, zafa ngobuncinane.

Khawuqwalasele omnye umzekelo wokukhetha ukuzinzisa okuhambisana neentaka. Xa ngethuba lokulingwa kwagqitywa ukuba kuhlaziywe ubungakanani beephiko zeentaka ezafa emva kwesiphepho esinamandla, kwabonakala ukuba ininzi yabo yayifutshane okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, iphakame kakhulu. Lo mzekelo wokukhetha ukuzinzisa kubonisa kwakhona izinga lokuphila elingcono labantu abaneempawu ezilinganisiweyo.

Izizathu zokubonakala komzimba omncinci

Ukuqwalasela lo mzekelo wezenzo zohlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhethwa kwendalo, makhe sizame ukufumanisa izizathu eziphambili zokuba nomzimba omncinci womntu ngamnye kwiimeko ezihlala zihlala phantsi. Kutheni, ngoncedo lokhetho lwendalo, akunakwenzeka ukucima abantu abathile ukuba babalekele iifomu ezingathandekiyo? Isizathu asikho kuphela, njengoko inzala entsha izalwa, iinguqu ezihlukahlukeneyo zenzeka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-heterozygous genotypes ihlala iguqulelwe ngabanye. Kwinkqubo yokuwela, banikela ukwahlukana kwenzalo, kwaye izizukulwana ezinokubambisana kunye nezizukulwane ezinokwakheka kwamanye amazwe ziyavela, apho ukulungelelaniswa kwimiqathango yokuphila kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Le nto yayibizwa ngokuba yi-polymorphism efanelekileyo.

Imizekelo ye-polymorphism

Imimandla ephambili yohlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhethwa kwendalo (i-polymorphism) yi-anemia ye-sickle cell. Esi sifo esininzi segazi sibonakala kubantu abasebenzisana ne-hemoglobin abane-mutant alleles (HbS), ekhokelela ekufeni xa beselula. Uninzi lwabantu luluntu lunamaqondo aphantsi kwimiba ephantsi, idibene nemithambo ethile. Kodwa izazinzulu zakwazi ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kobukho emzimbeni womntu we-gene kunye nobukho be-malaria kuloo ndawo. Iziphumo zezifundo zibonise ukuba i-HbS heterozygotes inokumelana nesifo esinjengesifo se-malaria kunama-homozygotes ane-normal allele.

Indlela yokuhluka

Imizekelo yokukhetha ukuzinzisa nokuqhuba imoto inendlela ethile yokuqokelela iimpawu zokuhlukahluka kwintlalo yabantu. Ngethuba lokuqala lohlobo olukhethekileyo lokukhetha ukuzinza lwaphawulwa yesazinzulu esaziwayo II Shmalhausen. Wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba nangaphandle kweemeko ezizinzileyo zobomi, ukhetho lwemvelo aluyekanga umzuzu, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka. Ngona ne-phenotype efanayo, uluntu luyaqhubeka nokuguquka. Umzekelo wezenzo zefom yokukhetha ezinzileyo ezicatshangwa nguye ziqinisekisile utshintsho oluqhubekayo ekuvelweni kwemfuza. Ngenxa yokhetho oluzinzileyo, izicwangciso zezofuzo zenziwe, ngoncedo apho kunokwenzeka ukudala i-phenotypes efanelekileyo kwiintlobo ze-genotypes.

Injongo yohlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhethwa kwendalo

Iyakwazi ukukhusela i-genotype eyenziwe kwipembelelo engalunganga kwinkqubo yokuguquka. Umzekelo wezenzo zohlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhethwa ngubukho bezilwanyana ezindala njenge-ginkgo, i-hatteria. Kukhethwa ukuzinzisa okuye kwalondoloza ixesha lethu "iifostile eziphilayo" ezihlala kwiimeko ezizinzileyo zemeko:

1. IHatteria, eneempawu zeempatyambo ezazikho ngexesha leMesozoic.
2. I-coelacanth, eyinzala yeentlanzi ze- brushpiper, eziqhelekileyo kwixesha lamaPaleozo.
3. I-North American possum, isilwanyana se-marsupial esivela kwi-Cretaceous period.
4. Ukutyala iintlobo ze-gymnospermous ze-ginkgo, ezifana nemifuziselo yomthi, ziphela ngexesha le-Jurassic Mesozoic.

Kukho uhlobo oluzinzileyo lokukhethwa kwendalo kuze kubekho ixesha elinjengeemeko phantsi kweyiphi impawu ezithile okanye ipropathi eyenziwe.

Impembelelo yendalo ngokuhlukahluka

Iimeko ezihlala zihlala zingatshintshi ixesha elide. Ngokumalunga nokutshintsha rhoqo kwiimeko zendalo, ukulungelelaniswa kwenzeka ngokuncedisa ukuzinzisa abantu abathile kubo. Kukho utshintsho kwimijikelezo yokuzalana, ukwenzela ukuba abatsha abonakale bephuhlise ngexesha lexesha xa kukho ukutya okwaneleyo ukugcina ubomi. Ukuba inzala iyazalwa kwangaphambili okanye kamva kuneentsuku ezilindelekileyo, ziyacinywa ngokuzinyula. Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana "ziyazi" malunga nokuqala kwebusika? Amaconsi atshanje-futshane athathekayo. Ukongeza, imida yehlobo kunye nobusika iyashintsha ngonyaka. Izilwanyana ezenza ngokukhawuleza iimpawu zihlala zingenamntwana. Ngoko ke, iintaka ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana zikhokelwa ngethuba lokukhanya kwemini. Yiyo le mqondiso kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezikhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo: i-molting, ukufuduka, ukuvelisa. II Shmalhausen waphumelela ekuboniseni uxhulumaniso phakathi kokulungelelaniswa kwendalo kunye nokuzinzisa ukukhetha.

Utshintsho lokuphambuka kwimiqathango

Ukuzinzisa ukukhethiza kutshabalalisa konke ukuphambuka kwimiqathango esetyenziswayo, kukhuthaza ukuveliswa kweendlela zofuzo eziqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusekwa kwama-phenotypes efanelekileyo kwi-genotypes ehlukeneyo. Isiphumo siya kuba sisigxina sezinto eziphilayo kunye nokutshintsha kwimeko yangaphandle.

Imfundiso ka A. Wallace noCharles Darwin

Inkcazo yokukhethwa kwemvelo yenziwe njengamandla amakhulu okudala aqondisa inkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaye inquma iifom zayo. Ukukhethwa kwendalo kwakufuneka kuqwalaselwe inkqubo apho abantu bodwa bahlala khona kwaye babe neenzala baneempawu ezizuzekileyo kwiimeko ezithile zokuhlala. Xa kuhlolwa ukhetho lwendalo kwimeko yokujonga i-genetics, kunokugqitywa ukuba kubalulekile ekukhetheni kweenguqu ezintle kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwemfuyo. Ziyakwazi ukuzibonakalisa ngokwenza ulwabelana ngesondo, kwaye njengokuba uluntu lukhula, luphuculwe ngokucima ukuhlanganiswa okungalunganga kunye nokuguquka.

Ezi zityalo ezinamaqondo asemgangathweni asemgangathweni azikwazi ukuphila kwiimeko ezithile, zibhubha. Ukukhethwa kwendalo kuyakwazi "ukusebenza" ngesiseko sokuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuba abantu ababuthathaka abakulungele ukuzala ngokupheleleyo okanye abangashiyi inzala yonke. Kule meko, akukhethi kuphela ukukhethwa kunye nokukhwabanisa kweempawu ezithile ezingekho phantsi kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa i-genotypes ezithwala iimpawu ezifanayo ziyabhujiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Kwiifom zokhetho lwendalo

Okwangoku, kungokwesiko ukukhetha ezi ndlela ezilandelayo zokukhethwa kwazo, ngaba abo bathunyelwe kwiincwadi zezifundo ze-biology ezikolweni.

1. Ukuzinzisa ukhetho lwendalo.
2. Ukukhetha ukhetho.
3. Ukuqhawula ukhetho.

Ukhetho lwemiqathango luyinto ebonakalayo yokutshintsha iimeko zendalo, phantsi kweyiphi into eye yaveliswa ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-industrial melaninogenesis, ibonakaliso yamabhobhoflethi e- birch moth, idibaniswa nobumnyama ngenxa yesikhombisi se-industrial birch trunks. Ekubeni iinambuzane zibonakala zivela kwimvelaphi yemithi "emitsha", zatshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngeentaka. Iintsholongwane ezibomvu zamagqabhagqayo zasinda, zanikela imbewu, kwaye ngoko ke ukuguqulwa kwamagqabantshe amnyama kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kula manani.

Ngenxa yokutshintshwa kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo kwizinto ezikhoyo, ukuvela kwezilwanyana ezibandayo kunye ne-thermophilic kunye nezityalo zichazwe. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuqhuba ukukhokela kukhokelela ekubeni ulungelelaniso lweebhaktheriya, iifungi, ezinye izifo zengqondo zabantu, izilwanyana kwiindidi ezinokubulala izibulala neepilisi. Ukukhethwa kwesigxina kunokuchazela ukuba kwenzeka ukunciphisa iliso kumagxa omhlaba kunye nama-moles, kunye nokulahleka kwezinye iintaka zamaphiko. Ngokukhethwa okufanayo, akukho ukuhlanganiswa kweziganeko ezenzekayo, ngenxa yokokuba i-genotypes ezithathayo izothatyathwa ngokunyanisekileyo ngabanye, ngaphandle kokwenza iifomu eziguquguqukayo kunye neenguqulelo.

Ukukhethwa kukhenketho kuvumela ukufumana iintlobo ezigqithisileyo zokulungelelanisa, nazo zonke iifom eziphakathi. Ngenxa yokukhethwa kwamanani amaninzi, iifom ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zeendlela ezihlukahlukileyo zenziwa, ezikhokelela ekufakeni i-polymorphism. Yona umzabalazo wobomi obona balulekileyo ebalulekileyo ekukhethweni kwemvelo. Ukhuphiswano, ixesha elidlulileyo, ukuxhaswa kwemali kuthathwa njengezinto ezintathu eziphambili zomzabalazo wobomi.