Boris Morozov, nkosi yam: biography, ilifa

Phakathi Abalawuli ye pre-Petrine Russia, omnye abameli ezigqamileyo eli xesha uzayo Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich lakomkhulu -boyarin Morozov Boris Ivanovich. ayikwazi ukuba noluqondakalayo Evaluation of imisebenzi yayo: bakukhuthaza ngokupheleleyo ukwenzela ukuba urhulumente ntle kunye inviolability setrone, wayedla kuthatha emagxeni abantu abaqhelekileyo umthwalo kunzima ubunzima bezoqoqosho kwavusa uchulumanco, ekhokelela noqhankqalazo wamagazi.

Ukucaca lakomkhulu entsha

Boyar Boris Morozov wazalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Isiphelo ke uhlobo kuye - wazalwa nje elinye iindlalifa usapho yamandulo nolungileyo, kodwa ke isihlobo, nangona zikude, umbusi. Morozov kunye Romanovs babezalana ngakumbi ukubekwa uMikhail Fedorovich.

Ngowe-1613 e Moscow, wadibana i Zemsky Sobor, , wonyulelwa ogama isisombululo kwitrone ummeli yokuqala Romanov ubukhosi - elinesithandathu uMikhail Fedorovich. Phakathi nxaxheba isonto, washiya utyikityo phantsi idiploma zembali, igosa lakomkhulu oselula Boris Ivanovich Morozov. ngobomi bakhe ukususela ngoku kuhlangene ukuya ncopho kwamandla karhulumente.

utitshala Wise

Izinduna Morozov - Boris kunye nomntakwabo Gleb - babephantsi ukumkani omtsha belele isikhundla, ebavumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza abe ngomnye wabantu 'abo' ndize ndoyise novelwano le nguzwilakhe, ngakumbi ke ukuba phantse iminyaka efanayo kunye naye. wazalwa nini ngo 1629 yindlalifa etroneni, ikamva Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (uyise Petra Velikogo) wayeneminyaka emine ubudala, Boris Morozov, waba umgcini onyulwe (okanye, njengoko bathi ngaloo mihla, "uMalume").

Ngenxa ngukumkani elizayo Boris Ivanovich wafumana imfundo ebanzi. Ukongeza ekuqondeni iziseko igrama kunye iCatechism, umthetheli oselula ndaqhelana amagcisa imikrolo Western yaye kushicilelwa ezithandwayo zasekhaya. Ondele kuzo kunye nomcebisi wakhe, wavuka ulwazi intshukumo imizimba yasezulwini, iindidi enezityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye phezu ubomi babantu kwamanye amazwe. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ibali amanene wafundela ngoncedo egumbini Personal - umlando kwabonakala ezahlukeneyo zenja.

Ubuntu yokumkani elizayo

mentor emisebenzini neze yize - yindlalifa kwitrone nolwazi olunzulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. nemityikityo isetyenziswayo abonisa ukuba wabhala ngobulumko kwaye ngaxeshanye ababeyazi indlela elungileyo zoncwadi. Kodwa umphumo ephambili yemfundo walala yokuba ungubani kakumkani zange zicinezelwa iimfuno yokuziphatha kunye nenkundla imisebenzi. Ezincwadini zakhe kwabo ababemthanda ebonakala umntu evulekileyo nefudumeleyo ithambileyo. Akumangalisi ke, i UAlexis Morozov ingqalelo uyise yesibini ukuya ekupheleni kweentsuku yaye wamphatha kuye ngokufanelekileyo.

Njengoko ngenxa yemfundo yabo, ngoko, ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, boyar Boris Morozov wayifumana beshiyeka. Ethetha ngazo, kubonakala ukuba kuthetha intswela-iilwimi zasemzini kunye nokungakwazi ukufunda iincwadi yaseYurophu. Qhuba yabhalwa kubo amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba ufundile nolunolwazi, ikakhulu ezingontsini zayo wahambisa ilayibrari ebanzi kakhulu umdla.

Imfuneko utshintsho karhulumente

UMlawuli Alexis ilifa itrone xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala, yaye kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa emva koko ezilahlekileyo unina wakhe. Akumangalisi ukuba ngeminyaka oselula onjalo wayefuna ukuba ecaleni ngumlawuli elumkileyo oluthembekileyo, ingakumbi ekubeni imeko ekhoyo ngelo xesha eRashiya, ebizwa ngokuba utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwaye ezinkulu kwiindawo ezininzi nkqubo zasekhaya.

Le milinganiselo ingxamisekileyo kufuneka zithathwe kwizixeko isixhobo, inkqubo yerhafu nasekomelezeni lonke igunya. Yonke le misebenzi zithathwa phezu urhulumente, eyayikhokelwa umkhonzi kakumkani abathembekileyo - Boris Ivanovich Morozov. kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuya ekuqaleni Russia ubunzima ezingenakubalwa. Oku nabakhohlisi yabonakala igama Prince UDimitri, kwaye ukuhlaselwa zezibonda, kunye nokungabikho kwesivuno yoyikekayo leyo eyabangela ukufa ngenxa yendlala amawaka baseRashiya. Ukongeza, badlala indima kunye iimpazamo ezicacileyo ebukumkanini odlulileyo. Konke oku kuye kwavula iingxaki ezininzi ezifuna izisombululo ngoko nangoko.

E ephethe

Ukuba le nguzwilakhe Russian, Alexis yatshintsha phantse ngokupheleleyo ukwakhiwa lukarhulumente, wayengaziyekeli zonke izithuba ezingundoqo ikufutshane kumadoda akhe, waba phakathi kunye Morozov. Boris - Boyar smart kunye nokuba kubaluleke kakhulu - kwezoqoqosho, laqalisa Ushintsho karhulumente kunye njengokubamba efanayo njengoko abaphathi fiefdoms zabo.

I koMlawuli wamjizeka kunye nolawulo odolo ezininzi, eyona uxanduva phakathi bayalelwa kuNondyebo (ngemali), amazwe kunye Streletsky. Ukongeza, ukuba aqhutywa lodwa karhulumente kwi urhwebo iziselo ezinxilisayo ngawo onke amaxesha yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke. Ngenxa yoko, ezandleni Morozov yagxila elikhulu - imali, umkhosi kunye nolawulo ezopolitiko ngamazwe.

Uhlaziyo lilawulwe ubomi

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo imisebenzi yayo wayezizuzisa ukuze kwicandelo zemali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Boris Morozov yabamba uthotho amanyathelo ekunciphiseni ayegqunyelelwe ngokugqithiseleyo ngexesha iindleko zolawulo. Coca izixhobo karhulumente, walitshintsha iirhuluneli ezininzi, zibandakanyeke urhwaphilizo, kwaye abanye babo nengalo yomthetho. Ukongeza, eli bhotwe liye lathotywa nabakhonzi oosolusapho, kunye nabo bahlala kwiindawo zazo zokuqala, kunciphise umvuzo.

zokulungisa idlulileyo urhulumente wengingqi, kwakunye emkhosini. Kodwa ke, njengokuba kudla ngokwenzeka eRashiya, ukuze uzisa ibe nezidubedube entsha. amanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye kwangexesha tvoix kukhokelele kwinto yokuba uninzi amatyala ezayo phambi kwirhuluneli kunye neenkokeli odolo nokuwela oomabhalane nonoobhala, leyo nangoko bandisa ukuphanga, ebangela ukunganeliseki jikelele.

Enye ingxaki, apho wazama ukucombulula Morozov, wawuza ukuqokelela irhafu evela kubahlali zasezidolophini, uninzi lwabo ekhululekile iirhafu, njengoko inani yoonongendi iilali ezinkulu yezikhulu. Emva kokuba imali-jikelele ubalo, iye yanika intlawulo efanayo kweerhafu bonke abemi. Kakade ke, bamthwalela phandle into ayenzayo ebalulekileyo onjalo, zincediswa wokulondoloza imali, kodwa wenza iintshaba ezininzi krakra. Ukongeza, ukwandisa umsebenzi ngenxa yokungenisa kwempahla abarhwebi basemzini, ningazani kunye nabantu zorhwebo.

zaqalwa ityuwa

Isizathu sokugcina ukuba waphula unyamezelo abahlali eMoscow nezixeko ezininzi Russian, kukunyusa ixabiso seTyuwa, intengiso yayo esinakho karhulumente. Le ndlela yokulinganisa Boris Morozov wazama ukutshintsha irhafu ezininzi ngqo. Ingqiqo yayilula - ukuhlawula irhafu kufuneka luthintelwe, kodwa musa lalikhona umntu omnye ingenatyuwa. Ukuthenga le mveliso evela kurhulumente kunye overpaying imali ethile, yena ngaloo wazisa isabelo yayo yokuqokelelwa irhafu.

Kodwa njengoko isitsho njalo, "igcwele kunye neenjongo ezintle indlela eya esihogweni." Uhlaziyo ezijolise ekolulweni urhulumente nokuphucula ubomi abemi bayo, ziye zakhokelela ukunganeliseki ngokubanzi ukuba ilunyekwa siganeko, ebizwa ngokuba "noqhankqalazo ityuwa". Baye kakhulukazi nxamnye Boyar Morozov kunye norhulumente bakhe.

Ngeli xesha, isikhundla sakhe kwi inkundla komelezwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba umtshato wakhe udade Tsarina Maria Miloslavskaya, Noko ke, nkqu nomini kufuphi umlawuli nako ukukhusela igosa lakomkhulu Kwabandithiyileyo ingqumbo lwabantu. bambombozela nomgodi ukunganeliseki ngokubanzi kwakhokelela ngoMeyi 1648 ngezenzo.

Ukuqala ingxabano

Ukususela yemihla ngaloo minyaka siyazi ukuba yimincili yaqala nesibakala sokuba isihlwele wayeka ukumkani, lowo ebuya oluya Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra, waza wajika kuye nezikhalazo, zimngcikiva kwangokunjalo Morozov kunye namagosa zakhe ukunyoba. Mhlawumbi * uKhesare wayeza kuba nako ukuqinisekisa abantu, ukanti kungekho kwase, kodwa abatoli, ukubheka ngqo Boris Ivanovich, bagaleleka ukubetha isihlwele abezindaba. Oku waba yokuqhumisa ukuba ezinye izenzakalo.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, isihlwele atyhoboza, angena kulo yesicelo, apho ke kwangena abatoli, nabo ababuleweyo kwi inzuzo le nguqulelo yakutshanje. Abasasazi aphula, baphanga basebhotwe. Inxalenye abo bavukeli wangena zokugcina iwayini, apho, wafumana kokufa kwakhe emva uqale umlilo. Emva ezatshatyalaliswa kwaye oseKapa imizi emininzi izinduna, nabo abo bawa ngesandla isihlwele abulawe. Ke utshaba engundoqo indimbane Boris Morozov. Boyar yabangela sithiyiwe ebantwini, bonke befuna abuyiselwe wakhe isohlwayo ngoko nangoko.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Kuphela isithembiso ukumkani yabucala tvoix bucala zonke ezolile isihlwele aze avunyelwe ukuba ukubaleka ukusuka kwikomkhulu ukuya eSt uCyril-Belozersky Monastery, apho wazifihla de ndizinyathele ngokupheleleyo zabe. Emva kokubuyela eMoscow obalekayo olinene waqhubeka inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ezama ukuba ubonwe. Xa kuphuhliswa edume "Conciliar I-Code", ezaba sisiseko iminyaka emininzi nemigaqo esemthethweni yomGaqo-mthetho Russian, umsebenzi kuwo inxaxheba Boyar Morozov, Boris Ivanovich.

ngobomi bakhe kwixesha lokugqibela ebomini ubonisa ukuba izifo ezininzi engqondweni nasemzimbeni ukuba ndahlelwa oku kanye odlamkileyo ngokupheleleyo lomntu amandla. Boris wafa ngo 1661. Tsar Alexis ngokobuqu sihambisana uhambo lwakhe lokugqibela nomcebisi wakhe amthandayo, ngubani Boris Morozov kuye.

legacy emva kwexesha ilifa umninawa wakhe Gleb njengoko ngelo xesha akukho nomfazi, akukho bantwana. Xa lo mzalwana yaye kungekudala egqibile uhambo lwakhe emhlabeni, urhulumente wegqitha waya unyana wakhe, kodwa eneneni ukulahla unina - noblewoman Feodosiya tvoix, eyaziwa kwimbali imisebenzi yakhe splittist kwaye immortalized kwi kumzobo Yaduma Vasily Surikov.