Iimbovane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: biography

ubomi Bright elifutshane S. I. Muraveva-Apostol kuhlangene ne kwiziganeko ezenzeka Russia ngenkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni. Leo Tolstoy, abangazange ukwabelana ngezimvo ye Decembrists, ebizwa ukuba omnye wabantu ilungileyo nje kuphela kodwa zonke ezinye ixesha. A kumnombo kwintsapho yamandulo, ngubani na isalamane edume Ukrainian Hetman Danylo Apostol, Sergei, lowo wongamele uludwe Decembrists, waba Republican azinikele welinye iqela esebenzayo serfdom.

Childhood Muraviev-Apostol

September 28, 1796 umntwana yesine wazalwa usapho a laseburhulumenteni Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-Apostol, ogama Sergei. Kungekudala emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, Vinogradov wathunyelwa uMlawuli Paul I njengommeli okanye umthunywa ukuze Hamburg, apho waya nosapho lwakhe. Emva kokubuyela ngo-1801 eRashiya, kungekudala Vinogradov wafudukela Madrid on ishishini. Phantsi koxinzelelo wangumlawuli eFransi, Napoleona Rossiyskaya mission sele ukhutshiwe Spain. Ukushiya intsapho yakhe eParis, Vinogradov wabuyela eRashiya lafumana isikhundla sakhe. Sergey Imfundo iqala kwihostele Hicks 'apho nangoko waphawula glibness nokusebenza ezigqwesileyo kwizifundo zemfundo.

Amazing

Ngoxa abantwana besakhula phesheya uthethe isiFrentshi, phantsi kwempembelelo unina, baba ozaziyo ubuzwe nothando iRashiya. Noko ke, xa ngo-1809 intsapho babuyela St. Petersburg kunye nabantwana ngolonwabo nalo, uAnna Semyonovna, umama wabo ngoko nangoko walumkisa ukuba iRussia lilizwe amakhoboka, libhekisela serfdom. ubuchule brilliant lwezibalo Sergei vumela kwakhe 1810 ukuya kungena ngokulula i College elisandul 'ukusekwa zenjineli Railway.

Uthatho-nxaxheba War of 1812

Emva kuhlaselwa UNapoleon ngayo eRashiya, kwathunyelwa umfundi ukukhonza kwikomkhulu umkhosi, owawukhokelwa Kutuzov. NgoJuni 1812 i Sergey oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala wafumana ubhaptizo lomlilo kweli dabi Vitebsk, uze emva koko Lieutenant oselula wathabatha inxaxheba Idabi Borodino. Lo mkhosi M. I. Kutuzov wazama ukuba naye kwikomkhulu, kodwa mzuzu elibalulekileyo igosa oselula njengenxalenye wenkampani isentimitha engaphantsi kwe-French umlilo enzima bakha kwaye zikhuselwe sekomelezeni redoubts.

Tarutino ukulwa

Ukubaluleka i Tarutino emfazweni, nayo leyo amanqaku Lieutenant yesibini, ngubani na bengekafiki engama-16, kwaye nje ukuba iziphumo nempumelelo ethe okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kodwa ekukhuliseni umoya amabutho Russian. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba imfazwe tarutino impumelelo yayo ngo-Oktobha 1812 kwanyanzeleka uNapoleon ukuba isigqibo ukuba lirhoxe eMoscow anazo. Ke kwabakho komsindo kwedabi Maloyaroslavets, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yokuba uNapoleon wala phambili ngakumbi ukulungela ukusebenza, imikhosi eziphambili umkhosi Russian laphuthuma kulaa layohlala amajoni isiFrentshi. Emva oogxa Maloyaroslavets ukusuka kwinani ithunyelwe ukusuka esikolweni ukuya emfazweni babuyela eSt Petersburg ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe, kodwa Iimbovane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich wagqiba ukuba bahlale emkhosini. Ukuthatha inxaxheba Muraviev-Apostol kusiliwa ezinye inkululeko iLizwe loobawo yi kuhlasela French kwaqondakala ubhululu ikrele segolide, nokwabela elikwisikhundla uLieutenant. Emva kokuba ukugxothwa kukaNapoleon ukusuka eRashiya, wathi wawongwa Order of St. Anne III-th isidanga.

umkhankaso angaphandle

Ezinqwenela ukuthatha inxaxheba kweli phulo phesheya, igosa oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, wenza ukuqeshwa kwakhe nomkhosi Chasseurs. Kuba xa phantsi Lutzen (Germany) Iimbovane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, ngobomi ogama kwakunzima kakhulu, wawongwa Order of St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. isaphetha. Ukususela ngo-1814, phantsi umyalelo Jikelele Rajewski, yena inxaxheba iimfazwe ezininzi, yaye emva kwedabi kufuphi Paris, umthetheli oselula ufumana Order of Anna 2 nd isidanga. E Paris, adibana nabo umzalwana wakhe omdala uMateyu, yaye kunye ngoMatshi 2014, babuyela eRashiya, apho babelindele ukuba uyise umzalwana i-Hippolyte ezisibhozo.

Umbutho wolona zokuqala imfihlo

I mvukelo yabantu Russian nxamnye yahlaselwa amazwe ngo-1812 ngazwi wabonisa amandla omoya abantu abaqhelekileyo, kuquka nqaba. Emva kokuba iphulo ezukileyo yasemkhosini xa eRashiya wakhulula eYurophu kwidyokhwe uNapoleon, inxalenye ukukhanyiselwa yezikhulu eliphezulu Russian elinde kwinkululeko yabantu kwilizwe lawo kwidyokhwe lobuzwilakhe. Ngokutsho S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, ukukhululwa Russia kwidyokhwe yabo iya kukhokelela ukuya kufikelela kwinkululeko yoluntu lonke ihlabathi, iya kukhuthaza uphuhliso kunye nempumelelo yeli lizwe.

Umnqweno ukunceda abantu ukuzikhulula yeetawuli iinkosi zabo, ukuze ndibutshitshise ekusweleni ungenathemba kwaye ngexesha elinye ukunqanda lungaphindwa kwiintlungu "Pugachev" kuye kwabangela ukuba abameli intle iklasi banelungelo nemfuneko yokuhlanganisa. Elishumi yokuqala kwinkulungwane XIX in izityebi jikelele kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emfihlekweni, kuquka namagumbi Masonic, apho izidwangube ukuba bazalise le ngokomoya emva inxaxheba ebonakalayo iziganeko zehlabathi. Enye yezi nkampani, leyo ithe yadalwa 1815, kwaba "amagosa Artel bake butho", ihlelwe uN M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, owathi emva kokubuya evela iphulo langaphandle yadluliselwa kukhonza kwi bake webutho, waba kunye wakhe uMateyu ilungu umzalwana op. Iinjongo yoluntu ebandakanya abantu 15-20 baba licaciswe kunye mfiliba. Kungekudala, ngokwemiyalelo loMlawuli gang aye ohlulwa, kodwa amalungu ayo yayiqhubeka ntlanganiso, kwaye oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu kwe-mbuso.

"Union of Usindiso"

Lo mbutho lokuqala imfihlelo kwamagosa ( "Union of Usindiso"), yasungulwa ngo-1816 endlwini yabazalwana Mouravieff-Apostol, nto leyo nayo kwakuze Prince Troubetzkoy, Alesandire Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Umbutho we amajoni aselula, sathiywa ngo-1817 emva kokuba senziwe amalungu ayo kwi Pestelya P. I. "Inkampani oonyana oyinyaniso nonyanisekileyo iLizwe loobawo", njengokuba yena, wahlala NUMBER (30), kodwa kwiinjongo ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Umsebenzi iphambili kuluntu yaba ngumzabalazo wenkululeko abalimi ukusuka serfdom nasekupheliseni lobuzwilakhe, nto leyo liqulathwe lo mnqophiso yenkampani. Kwiinzame ukwandisa impembelelo yayo ngokubanzi, ethatha kuphela asebukhosini, kodwa abakumgangatho ophakathi, abarhwebi, abefundisi kunye nabalimi simahla eluntwini.

uluntu ziphethwe-ebizwa ngokuba ibhodi Ingcambu, eziquka Iimbovane-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Kunye nokukhula yokunganeliseki abaninzi ngaphakathi lizwe kunye nokomelezwa Europe-ngokubanzi imeko ye revolution kwi "Union of ntle," impembelelo izinqumo ndizuze abaxhasi ngxaki emkhosini lobuzwilakhe nokumiselwa kwenkqubo republic. Ukuchaneka kwale ndlela kuqinisekiswa yi isenzo yazenzekela ngo-1820 ijoni lilinde bake butho. Emva kokuba kwezithandani yokuphazamiseka i bake webutho, aye ohlulwa, kwaye Iimbovane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich watshintshelwa isikhundla sikhulu kwi Chernigov elihamba webutho. Usungulo ngoJanuwari 1821 Congress of ibhunga lweMveli "Union of ntle," wabhengeza sokuchitha yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho akazange okunene kuthwalelwa phandle nobhango ngokuhlanganisa i "Union", nto leyo ekhokelele lombutho amaqela amabini ukulawula amanyathelo ngokudibeneyo.

"Southern Society"

Umbutho ngasese e Ukraine iqale ukwakha kuzo ngamalungu ebhunga Tulchin 'Welfare Union ", yathiywa igama" Southern Society ". Kuye elikhokelwa P. I. Pestel, intloko yebhunga inkulu Vasilievskaya waba Sergei Muraviev-Apostol (Decembrist). iinjongo zeNkqubo kunye neenjongo inkampani, nto leyo 1825 wajoyina i "Society of United nokuxubana", echazwe kwi "Inyaniso Russian" ubuqambi Pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

iinjongo Society ukuba zingqinelane umsebenzi 'Union of ntle, "kodwa wacela ukwenza ngakumbi isigqibo, ngokubulala ukumkani decapitate iqela monarchical. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Ngaloo ndlela Pestel wayekholelwa ukuba mvukelo kufuneka athathe indawo kwi eyinkunzi ube zilungiswe kakuhle kunye Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, i Decembrists nokunyanzelisa ukuba amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza kunye amajoni phantsi umyalelo lwamagosa - amalungu "Southern Society".

Le mvukelo we Chernigov webutho

Emva kokuba ukungaphumeleli intetho emkhosini Yeengwevu Square (Saint Petersburg), ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1815 kwi Chernigov webutho, limile kwiphondo of Kiev, waqalisa amajoni uqhushululu. Isizathu sokuba le mvukelo yaba ukubanjwa uLieutenant Colonel S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, owaba umphathi ngokobuqu webutho, emva kokufumana iindaba kwimvukelo eSt Petersburg. Ngosuku olulandelayo, abo bavukeli wathabatha Vasilkov, uze emva koko Motovilovka. Ngo Motovilovka phambi komgca kufundwa isibhengezo abavukeli ( "iCatechism Orthodox"), elakhiwe ngekhaya Iimbovane-Apostol kunye Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chernigov webutho, waqala ukufudukela St. Petersburg ngethemba ukuba iyaxhaswa yi nezinye iiyunithi zomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi mathemba zange kungafunyaniswa, naphantsi White Church, webutho Wayengqongwe iqembu hussars kunye gunners. Januwari 3, 1826, bagxothiwe amabutho karhulumente. umzalwana omncinane Sergei Ivanovich, nguHippolytus, engafuni ukuba kuthinjwa, shot, yaye yena ngokwakhe, kakubi, wathathwa. Ngexesha lophando, waziphatha ngesibindi yaye igobe, ezama ukugquma namaqabane akhe aze athathe ngokupheleleyo lonke ityala.

intshukumo Decembrist eRussia

movement Decembrists 'eRashiya esikhethekileyo kuba musa ukuthembela phezu ezinawo ethile kwezentlalo, yaye, ehamba umngcipheko ebulalayo inkululeko yabantu, ondele kuye inkxaso. Imeko ye interregnum emva kokufa ngesiquphe Alexander I bavunyelwe ukuba zazise Guards regiments Decembrists kwi Yeengwevu Square ukuze nyanzela yeeNgwevu ukuvakalisa ekutshatyalalisweni lobuzwilakhe, nokuphelisa serfdom kunye nokusekwa inkululeko yezopolitiko.

Nazigqibo kunye nezenzo unganxibelelananga nabavukeli kwakhokelela ekubeni kwimvukelo lwe Decembrists (1825) wahlulwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo Criminal emiselwe ukumiselwa kokuxoxwa kwetyala amalungu zidale wamajoni, ababegwetyelwe ngokunxulumene kubantu 121. Ukungqinelana iqondo ityala bonke abo bangena uludwe Decembrists, baye bohlulwa ezintlwini 11. Iklasi Okokuqala, ebonelela isohlwayo sokufa kuqala ze emva koko indawo yomsebenzi onzima ongunaphakade, abantu 31 afunyaniswe enetyala. Abantu abahlanu waqaphela kwiKomishoni yokuphanda khupha bagwetywa baxhonywa, kuquka Iimbovane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. NgoJulayi 1826 esi sigwebo wenziwe.

House Muraviev-Apostol

Manor Mouravieff-Apostol eMoscow ingabekwa Old Baseina Street. Emva kokuba Decembrists (1825) kukho uvukelo, wathengiswa indlu. Ukuze ziyaqhubeka kukhunjulwa abalweli zokuqala Russian nangoku wacinga Lunacharsky, ngubani aza kuvula endlwini-museum welifa le Decembrists. Ukuphunyezwa kwale sicwangciso kuphela ngo-1986, kodwa emva kweminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba ivaliwe ngenxa izakhiwo ezonakeleyo. Omenyiwe 1991 kubazukulwana Mouravieff-Apostol wenza isigqibo malunga nokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo yemigudu yosapho. Emva kweminyaka elishumi yomsebenzi onzima wendlu Manor eziphambili liye lalungiswa kwaye waqeshisa ukuya Decembrists myuziyam. Okwangoku, kukho zinginginya rhoqo imiboniso kunye excursions.