IYugoslavia iyangena Yiyiphi imeko phezulu? Zingaphi amazwe yaphela esasiya

YiYugoslavia ulilizwe ezibalulekileyo kwaye kubalulekile kwibakala lehlabathi elide, uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye noshishino, ingakumbi nokuveliswa kwezixhobo, izithuthi kunye neemveliso kwemichiza; umkhosi omkhulu, imali leyo idlula amajoni 600 lamawaka ... Kodwa ingxabano lwangaphakathi kunye ziingxabano wambetha lizwe kwi 90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela yayina kwaye kwakhokelela yokuba eYugoslavia ahlukana. Yeyiphi uburhulumente wahlulelene, niyazi namhlanje, bonke abafundi bafunda imbali. Oku iCroatia, Serbia, iMontenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina nolwaseKhosovo - amandla inxenye ingqalelo.

Kungunozala

Kanye weBalkan Peninsula , iYugoslavia urhulumente inkulu. Abantu abahlala kula mazwe, waba namasiko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu nezithethe, inkcubeko kunye nenkolo. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, bonke bahlala kwilizwe elinye: amaKatolika namaKristu Orthodox, abo baye ezibhaliweyo script Latin, kunye nabo - nangesiCyrillic.

YiYugoslavia isoloko sisirhintyelo ngenxa nabanqobi ezininzi. Umzekelo, Hungary ngenkulungwane XII, iye wayithimba Croatia. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina wafudukela Ottoman, abemi abaninzi kula mazwe kwanyanzeleka ukuguqula ku Islam. Kuphela Montenegro kudala ibe simahla ezizimeleyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla Turkish ethe yalahleka impembelelo namandla alo, ngoko, Austria wathabatha phezu kwintsimi yesiYugoslav ngaphambili ekule Ottoman. Kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX Serbia belikwazi akazalwanga geqe.

Eli lizwe uye wahlanganisa onke amazwe iyona Balkan. Umlawuli Croats, Slovenes kunye nezinye izizwe baseYugoslavia waba ngukumkani Serbia. Omnye ngookumkani, Alexander mna, ngubani walungelelanisa umbuso wanika Power igama elitsha ngo-1929 - yiYugoslavia, bona bubonakala "kwilizwe loMzantsi nokuxubana".

I-Federal Republic of

Imbali yeYugoslavia ngenkulungwane XX ethathe imilo kwimvelaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II kukho yenziwe intshukumo enamandla anti-zwilakhe. AmaKomanisi umbutho kwaqala phantsi komhlaba. Kodwa emva kokuba uloyiso phezu uHitler, iYugoslavia akazange abe yinxalenye eSoviet Union, njengoko kulindelekile. Wahlala free, kodwa kwilizwe bobusoshiyali, apho kwakukho omnye kuphela ANC - wamaKomanisi.

Ebutsheni bowe-1946, emva koko yamkela umgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ephawulwe nokudalwa yaBantu Federal entsha Republic of weYugoslavia. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iiyunithi ezintandathu ezizimeleyo. Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, iMontenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, kwakunye ummandla ezimbini lokuzimela - yaseKosovo Vojvodina - kwasekwa amandla elitsha. Leliphi ilizwe yeYugoslavia yahlukana kwixesha elizayo? Kuyinto kula ezincinane original republic, phakathi apho inkokheli ibisoloko eSerbia. abemi bayo iqela elikhulu uhlanga: 40% yonke lwaseYugoslavia. Ngokusengqiqweni, amanye amalungu Federation intwana encinane ezifana, namandla ngaphakathi ungquzulwano yaqala, nembambano.

Ekuqaleni ekupheleni

Ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo phakathi kwamaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo - esona sizathu siphambili sokuba iYugoslavia yaphela. Zeziphi States ziye ngqo iinkokeli zabo ndidanile kwaye ndlongo le mvukelo? Okokuqala, kumntla-ntshona iCroatia eSlovenia, leyo unamathupha na, ngokungathi ndimyeke umgangatho walo ophezulu wobomi iintlanga ahlwempuzekileyo. Umsindo noxinezeleko phakathi izihlwele yakhula. IYugoslavia yaphela ukuba lisithathe njengabantu mnye, nangona wayephila ecaleni kangangoko-60 iminyaka.

Ngowe-1980, wafa Communist, Tito. Emva koko, usihlalo Elawulayo kukhethwa kunyaka ngamnye ngoMeyi phakathi abaviwa ezingeniswe republic ngamnye. Nangona ukulingana, abantu wahlala naswona bengonwabanga. Ukususela ngo-1988, kakhulu mandundu imigangatho zabantu bonke abemi yaseYugoslavia, waqalisa ukuhla kwemveliso, endaweni kwatyatyamba kwamaxabiso kunye nentswela-ngqesho. Amagosa aphezulu lizwe, ikhokelwa ngu Mikulic barhoxa, wayefuna ulongamo ngokupheleleyo eSlovenia, abavakalelwa wesizwe zikrazukile Kosovo bebodwa. Le micimbi ekuqaleni lesiphelo, bamrholela yokuba eYugoslavia ahlukana. Yeyiphi uburhulumente wahlulelene, ibonisa imephu zangoku zehlabathi, eyabonisa ngokucacileyo amazwe ezizimeleyo ezinjengezo eSlovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, iMontenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

slobodan Milosevic

Le inkokeli esebenzayo wangumlawuli ngo-1988, xa kwincopho enembambano. yobuqhokolo bakhe, waqondisa ukubuyela phantsi iphiko federal weRiphabhliki Kosovo kunye Vojvodina. Yaye ngoxa amaSerb yobuhlanga kula mazwe babembalwa, abantu abaninzi kwilizwe lakhe ixhaswe. izenzo Milosevic kaThixo kubaxa kuphela meko. Wayefuna ukuba ukudala amandla enamandla Serbian okanye wathabatha nje ithuba ngaphakathi ukuba athathe isihlalo efudumeleyo kukarhulumente, ngoko akukho bani owaziyo. Kodwa ekugqibeleni wahlukana yiYugoslavia. ukuba yahlulwe naliphi na ilizwe, nanamhlanje iyaziwa abantwana. Imbali i Balkan Peninsula kwiincwadi elabelwe lona kumhlathi ngaphezu kwesinye.

Ngowe-1989, uqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kwi FPRY ukwehla ngokukhawuleza. Ante Markovic, umlungiseleli omtsha inkulumbuso, wazama ukwenza uthotho iinguqu, kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha. Ukunyuka zafikelela 1000%, ityala elo lizwe lenyuka ukuya ku-21 ezigidi zeerandi kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuchasene neli qonga lingasemva, Serbia yamkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha leyo, ndayihluthwa ukuba ukuzimela Vojvodina nolwaseKhosovo. ESlovenia, elingumthombo, bakha umfelandawonye Croatia.

Ukuqaliswa multi-party

Imbali yeYugoslavia njenge bengatshatanga epheleleyo iphela 1990. Kuloo minyaka, eli lizwe usazama ukuyigcina kuwancede: amaKomanisi wagqiba kwelokuba amandla kunye namanye amaqela abaye abanyulwe ngokukhululekileyo ukuzimela ngabantu. Intando lwaqhutywa ngo-1990. I-Communist Party of Milosevic yafumana isabelo ingonyama ngayo kwivoti, kodwa uloyiso epheleleyo akwazi ukuthetha kuphela Montenegro kunye eSerbia.

Ngelo xesha linye kwezinye iindawo mpikiswano rap. Kosovo wamelana amanyathelo ezinzima athathiweyo ukunqanda ubuzwe isiAlbania. E Croatia, namaSerb bagqiba ukwenza ukuzimela yayo. Kodwa igalelo inkulu isibhengezo a ukuzimela encinane Slovenian, apho abantu balapha wavota-zimvo. Emva koko FPRY ekuqaleni ukuwa. Leliphi ilizwe yeYugoslavia ahlukana? Ngaphandle eSlovenia, isebe kwakhona ngokukhawuleza kwelaseMakedoni iCroatia, ngoko Bosnia and Herzegovina -. Ekugqibeleni baba States ezahlukeneyo Montenegro kunye Serbia, leyo kwada kutshanje yaxhasa ingqibelelo karhulumente Balkan.

Impi eYugoslavia

urhulumente FRNYU sele kudala wazama ukugcina lizwe kanye unamandla natyebileyo. Amajoni bathunyelwa Croatia lokuphelisa zoqhankqalazo enkulu ukuba kwavela ngokuchasene nentsukaphi nomzabalazo geqe. Imbali sokonakalisa eYugoslavia waqalisa ncam mmandla, yaye ukususela eSlovenia - republic ezimbini aba bavukeli kuqala. Ebudeni beminyaka amanyathelo wamajoni, amashumi amawaka abantu babulawa apha, amakhulu amawaka abantu baphulukana namakhaya abo ngonaphakade.

zathi elandelayo ugonyamelo kwaqhambuka Bosnia nolwaseKhosovo. Igazi labantu abamsulwa phantse elishumi laphalala apha phantse yonke imihla. Le yunithi ekuthiwa Yugoslavian ixesha elide ukusika naliphi obusa okanye uxolo amajoni ulijule West apha. Koko, NATO kunye European Union ziye esilwa imfazwe kunye ngokwayo Milosevic, ebhenca ndyikitya zawo abahlali kunye nobudlova nxamnye namabanjwa emfazwe kule nkampu. Ngenxa yoko, yena wathunyelwa ukuya enkundleni.

Zingaphi amazwe yaphela yiYugoslavia? Emva kweminyaka ngxabano kwimephu yehlabathi yabumba endaweni amandla ngenxa ezintandathu. Oku iCroatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, iMontenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kukho kwakhona ukuzimela ngxuba kodwa hayi onke amazwe baye bayiphawula. Phakathi kwabo benza oko kuqala, kwakukho European Union kunye United States.