Bridge phezu Bosphorus: indlela imfutshane ukusuka eYurophu ukuya Asia

Turkey - oku mhlawumbi kuphela lizwe omelwe ukwenziwa iinxalenye ezimbini zehlabathi; yaseYurophu kunye Asia. La malungu disconnects i Bosphorus. Ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ukuba baye kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukuba amanzi ingabi ngumqobo ubuhlobo kunye begazi kwezizwe, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe ibhulorho phezu Bosphorus e Istanbul.

First Bosphorus Bridge

Le ibhulorho iziseko zokuqala nesisitheliso babeka phezu kwe Bosphorus. Ngenxa yoko, njengalo gama. Uncipha Bridge inxulumanisa lwaseYurophu Asia nabaseYurophu. Nje imizuzu embalwa kwaye umntu kwamandla iya ukusuka eYurophu ukuya Asia and vice versa.

Omnye umlawuli Persian uDariyo ndaphupha ukuba ibhulorho, owakhelwe, nto leyo yayiza kuba "isinxibelelanisi sokukhangela" phakathi mazwekazi mabini. Le ibhulorho adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwizicwangciso asebukhosini. Ukuze uwine omkhulu Aleksandra Makedonskogo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthutha umkhosi ngaphesheya Strait wasePersi. Ukuba bekukho ibhulorho, kwaye kuya kuba lula ukuba soyisa amaSkitiya. amaphupha Imperial - umyalelo wenkundla. Ngo-480 BC, lwakwakhiwa ibhulorho phezu Bosphorus. Noko ke, isikhitshane.

Ukususela ngoko uye kudlule ngaphezu kwekhulu, kwaye ingcamango izakhiwo ezizinzileyo angazishiyi zonke izikhulu entloko. Yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, inkampani kaloliwe Bosphorus Sultan Abdul Hamid II wacelwa ukuba kwakhiwe ibhulorho esisigxina. Noko ke, kuphela isigqibo sokugqibela yenziwa malunga iminyaka engama-50 ukuguqulela ingcamango koko bakwenzayo.

Ngubani, nini nokuba kangakanani

Ngowe-1950, kungekabekwa kwebhulorho eyayicwangciselwe zona. Le projekthi ngumqondo lweenjineli evela UK W. Brown kunye G. Roberts. Noko ke, njengazo zonke indalo enkulu, isicwangciso ozukileyo balinde mzuzu yozuko lwakhe. kweminyaka Kuphela-20 kamva, ngowe-1970, waqalisa umsebenzi wokwakha.

Ngowe-1973, iminyaka yamashumi amahlanu Turkish Republic. Kanye ngexesha loo mhla, yaye lixesha kuvulwa sakhiwo. Ukuze kwakhiwe ibhulorho phezu Bosphorus, urhulumente kwakufuneka ahlawule $ 200 ezigidi, kwaye njengokubizwe emva ngunozala weRiphabliki Ataturk.

Ibhulorho iqulathe amaqela amathathu ukuze sicatshulwa kwezithuthi. Kwakhona iye iileyini ezimbini eya kumacala ahlukeneyo, nto leyo ezinambuzelayo izithuthi zeenkonzo likaxakeka. Kwathi phezu ibhulorho, kufuneka ukuba abeke imali ethile. Nangona kunjalo, oku imthintele ngokuthatha indlela izithuthi malunga 200 ezigidi yonke imihla. Kukho iindlela yabahambi. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicatshulwa kwayo akuvumelekanga, njengoko indawo oluthandayo ukuzibulala.

Ubude lilonke ibhulorho phezu Bosphorus kweemitha 1510, ububanzi balo kweemitha 39. Namhlanje isakhiwo endaweni 17 phakathi zonke iibhulorho ukunqunyanyiswa ehlabathini. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kwintaba ephakame 64 yeemitha phezu kwamanzi.

Second Bosphorus Bridge

Kukho e Istanbul kunye ibhulorho engowesibini kubaphathi Bosporus. Luthwala igama Sultan Mehmed Fatih. Waba uqhagamshelo wesebe European Istanbul (Rumeli Hisar) kunye nenxalenye Asia kobokuqala ikomkhulu Turkey (Andal Hisar). Ibhulorho yayakhelwe ukusukela ku-1985 ukuya 1988. Ezinye iimpawu kwebhulorho yesibini mkhulu kuqala. Indalo yayo iye ichithwe phi wezeMali kunye kweminwe eyintloko nto izihlandlo eziliqela elide. Ngenxa yoko, ubude ngesakhiwo yesibini iqulathe neemitha 1510, ububanzi - 39 leemitha. Nguye indawo yeshumi phakathi iibhulorho ezinkulu ehlabathini. Ukuphakama iinqaba zayo iye kwiimitha 165, kanti ezihlangwini bayo 'baqhayise "eli nani 105 kuphela mitha.

Kwaye ke wesithathu uzothatha

abasemagunyeni Istanbul wazimisela ukwakhela ibhulorho yesithathu phezu Bosphorus. Ikomkhulu yamandulo emphaya emithathu sele uqalile umsebenzi ngalo mbandela. Ukuvulwa yeprojekthi yayizinyaswe ngamagosa aphezulu karhulumente. ixabiso layo lubekelwe Turkey $ 3.3 yezigidi zezigidi. Noko ke, kufanelekile oko, ngenxa yokuba uyilo kwenzelwa ukunciphisa kuhola wendlela ekhoyo.

isakhiwo entsha iza kuthiywa Yavuz Sultan Selim. Kumkani kwimithetho Ottoman ngenkulungwane ye-16. Le friend ngeendlela ezininzi njengabongamileyo 'abazalwana' babo abadala. Iza ukuhlalisa iileyini ezisibhozo iimoto ezimbini - kuba zothutho ngololiwe. ububanzi bayo iya kuqulatha 59 yemitha ubude - iimitha ezingama-320, kunye nobude kubude engundoqo - 1408 eemitha. Zonke ezi Ipharamitha wobugcisa elizayo izakhiwo. Abakhi kunye nezicwangciso zikarhulumente ukugqiba wonke umsebenzi phambi 2015.

Imibono kwebhulorho

Ukuba nje ujonge ibhulorho yokuqala phezu Bosphorus, nto zentsimbi kunye eziphathekayo, yaye akayi kubona. Ukuze siqonde ubuhle imikrolo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi kanye apho kakuhle ngayo. Ukuba uhamba emini, iimbono omkhulu lokuvula kwebhulorho baphume emkhombeni, ezazihamba lexinene. Ukusuka mgama ungabona oko ngokulula, yaye kubonakala ngathi ngomsonto obhityileyo. Kukho inkolelo yokuba xa usenza umnqweno, kwakudada phantsi kwebhulorho, unokuqiniseka ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuzaliseka.

Nangona kunjalo, i Ataturk Bridge entle ngokwenene ebusuku okanye ngokuhlwa. Hlala phantsi nge iglasi yewayini elibomvu kwenye zokutyela kwi kweenxweme Bosphorus, uze uxhamle ubuhle yinzwakazi. Xa kumnyama, izibane ibhulorho izibane eziyimibalabala inemibalabala. Le mbono kubanceda na ukuba ukunikela ubuncinane omnye ebusuku single.