Sultan of the Ottoman kunye 99 Halif Abdul-Hamid II: biography, usapho

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX uBukhosi Ottoman ayekwimeko lobunzima. Izvedonnaya iimfazwe ngasemva kuzo zonke, ilizwe kufuneka kulungiswe. iinguqulelo Tanzimat, ezibe lwenziwe ukususela 1839, Abdul Medzhid mna bachaphazelekayo, naso kahle. Kodwa '70s, ebudeni bolawulo Sultan Abdul Aziz, baye ababhangayo. Le urhulumente yayiwa. Irhafu idlwengulweyo amaKristu yokuvukela. ungenelelo esongela amagunya yaseYurophu. Ke Ottoman New, nelikhokelwa ngu Midhat Pasha, ngubani ephupha ikamva elingcono lizwe, wachitha babhukuqwa ebhotwe eziliqela, ngenxa elafikayo ngamandla, Abdul-Hamid II.

Le ndoda, ngubani eziqhotyoshelwe amathemba zizifundiswa yayo eqhubela phambili, uye waba ngomnye kakhulu ngokungenalusini autocrats ubukhosi, kunye nobukumkani bakhe ngokuba "zulyum", nto leyo liguqulelwe Turkish lithetha "ingcinezelo" okanye "nguzwilakhe".

Uchazo lwe Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II wazalwa ngo September 22, 1842. Abazali bakhe Sultan Abdul Majid I nomfazi wakhe yesine Tirimüjgan Sultan, owaba, ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye, i-Armenian, kwelinye - imvelaphi Circassian.

Lo mlawuli elizayo wafumana imfundo esemagqabini. It ngokukodwa eyaziwa kakuhle imicimbi zomkhosi. Abdul-Hamid wayesazi ngeelwimi eziliqela, iye nanonelela kwisihobe kunye nomculo. Yena wayemthanda opera ukuba woyisa ucaliph elizayo ekuhambeni kwakhe eYurophu. Kuba Ottoman art yaba into engaziwayo kunye nabaphambukeli, kodwa Abdul-Hamid uye wasebenza nzima kuphuhliso yayo ekhaya. Wada wabhala opera wayifaka e Istanbul. Xa Agasti 31, 1876, Abdul-Hamid weza etroneni, kwayinkohla ukuba wayecinga ukuba wayeza kuba uMdali kuphela wobuciko kodwa kolawulo wegazi, nto leyo iya kuthathwa yi amakhulu amawaka abantu.

Ukungena itrone "Bloody Sultan"

Kuloo minyaka, Ottoman omtsha yonke imigudu ukuzisa inguqu kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Conservative Abdul-Aziz wahliswa kunye nxaxheba lwabo May 30, 1876, kwaye kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva abulawe. Endaweni yakhe, intshukumo siseko wabeka Murat V, umzalwana Abdul-Hamid. Waziwa ngokuba ubulali yakhe iinguqulelo ubuntu, enovelwano kunye nemfundo. Kodwa feuds wegazi, ngesiquphe-wafumana amandla kunye nokusebenzisa kakubi utywala ukuba uhlahlelo kakhulu kwi Sultan entsha, ubomi mhle kwiimeko gases. Murat V ayikwazanga ukulawula ubukhosi, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ayikwazanga ukunika ilizwe-siseko.

Imeko kwi State and ngaphandle inkunzi. Serbia and Montenegro vusa imfazwe nxamnye uBukhosi, ezama ukukhusela amaKristu yeBosnia neHerzegovina, abo bavukeli ngokuchasene idyokhwe Turkish. Murat V kwathiwa ngamageza futhi amandla Abdul Hamid II, ukuthembisa Ottoman ezintsha ukuzalisekisa zonke iimfuno zazo.

Isibhengezo-siseko wokuqala Turkish

Xa intliziyo, i likaCaliph akazange lweli iingcamango zobunene. Kodwa baveze bezisa isigxina sazo naye kwitrone nezazi Turkish kwakuyingozi. Ottoman sultan omtsha waqalisa ukuba ukulibazisa isihlokomiso somthetho-siseko, ecaphula ukungafezeki yayo. UMthetho Basic uhlala kuyasetyenzwa kwakhona kwaye kakuhle ukwenzela. Okwangoku, iRashiya ifuna isiphelo uxolo Serbia kunye iMontenegro, kunye nentsebenziswano kunye imibuso yaseYurophu baqalisa ukuba iprojekthi ukuzimela Bulgaria kaThixo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Kule imeko yangoku eladlulayo, Midhat Pasha wayelungele nawuphi na umbingelelo ngenxa isibhengezo-siseko. Abdul-Hamid iye yabeka intloko omtsha Ottoman Grand Vizier waza wavuma ukuyivakalisa phantsi imeko ngokongeza into enye into. 113, ngokutsho apho, umbusi ukuze amgxothe ububi ebusweni bakhe. UMgaqo-siseko ukunika inkululeko kunye nokhuseleko wonke umntu, nokuba unqulo, lazisiwe ngoDisemba 23, 1876 kule nkomfa Istanbul. Xa isigqibo sayo, Abdul-Hamid okwethutyana omzimba imigudu zaseYurophu ekukhululeni amaKristu yaye igcinwe amandla phantse mda.

Ngokubulawa kwabantu Ottoman entsha

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba isibhengezo-siseko ucaliph waqalisa ukuba kakubi ngalo nguNondyebo yaye ukwazisa ingcinezelo lamaphephandaba metropolitan. Ezi zenzo ziye zakhokelela kwimilo enogonyamelo kunye Midhat Pasha, ngubani ngokuphandle wabonisa ukunganeliseki kunye nemisebenzi Sultan. Abdul-Hamid ngoyaba uqhankqalazo de vizier grand akazange abhale ileta ngqindilili. Kuyo Midhat Pasha wayesithi ukuba ucaliph ngokwakhe ophazamisa uphuhliso karhulumente. Ottoman Sultan, zibangele ingcwangu ikratshi ezinjalo, wayalela ukubanjwa kwentloko constitutionalists kwaye akhulule inqanawa "Izzedin" ePeddie kwafuneka ukuba athathe Midhat Pasha na kwizibuko amazwe azikhethele yona. I likaCaliph waba imibulelo unelungelo kongezwe ku Art. 113 loMgaqo-siseko Ottoman.

kakhulu zocindezelo nxamnye benkululeko, kodwa akumazisanga Ndilicukuceze kawonke lwaqhutywa kwiinyanga ezizayo. Abenzi bemeko-siseko wokuqala zange awukhathalele inkxaso eklasini, ngoko izithembiso zabo ezilungileyo ngesisa ukuyisusa bawaqhatha Abdul-Hamid II.

Ukuqala xesha "zulyuma"

I likaCaliph Izicwangciso akukho ukungeniswa siseko ezibandakanywayo, okanye ukuthobela namandla yaseYurophu. Protocol, ngomumo kubo kamsinya emva kweNkomfa Istanbul, wafuna isiphelo nobundlobongela nxamnye lamaKristu baqhankqalaza, Abdul Hamid II wamane. NaseRussia wathi imfazwe kwi uBukhosi, eyabonisa zonke urhulumente sultanatskogo angcolile nakwinkqubo ngo-Apreli 1877. NgoMatshi 1878, waba ukoyiswa epheleleyo Ottoman. Okwangoku, iziphumo okulwa ushwankathelwa kwi-Berlin Congress, labanobuqokolo Abdul-Hamid yachithwa ipalamente ngokungenammiselo, ngokwenjenjalo ukubandezana imikhosi siseko.

Le mpi ubukhosi ilahleko enkulu indawo. Ukusuka phantsi kwamandla yakhe waphuma Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, kunye namanye amaphondo. Urhulumente uye wafuna imali enkulu, yaye Abdul Hamid II kwi ekupheleni Congress ukwenza utshintsho kwimimandla bantu yi Armenia. Ibiya kuthetha ukuba ubomi bobuKristu kukuba kuphuculwe, kodwa Sultan of the Ottoman engakhange izithembiso sizaliseke. Ngaphezu koko, emva kokoyiswa okuhlazisayo emfazweni ingcamango zobunene ekugqibeleni eyaphukileyo, lafika ilizwe amaxesha abamnyama, ebizwa ngokuba "zulyum".

Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho lizwe

Abdul-Hamid uyabanjwa ngokupheleleyo amandla. Wazama ukulondoloza isidima semida karhulumente yi-ngcinga Islamism. 99 likaCaliph shi iimfuno izinduna Arab, Circassian kunye nokusungula, iinkokeli zonqulo ngamaSilamsi eliphezulu kunye sama enkulu. Eneneni leliya lizwe. izibuko Uncomplaining waba yokudlala ezandleni zabo. UNondyebo agcwaliswa ngokucinezela mboleko amazwe. Amatyala wakhula kunye basemzini unikwe concession. kwakhona Power wathi ngokwayo yimali. Ababolekisi Empire kwasekwa "iSebe ityala likarhulumente Ottoman." Ilizwe ke yawa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo mali lwamazwe longanyelwe ngoongxowankulu amazwe kuyo, nto nje inkunzi sele amahlwempu. ingcinezelo Tax kweli lizwe liye landa kakhulu. amandla enkulu azisalungiseki, waba semi-iyikoloni amazwe.

Kunukwa nguzwilakhe

Phantsi kwezi meko, umbusi woyika uninzi bayahlelwa ka Abdul-Aziz kunye Murat V. Ukoyikwa yokulahlwa kwe yazibandakanya ebhotwe kunokwenzeka yaye waya clinical, nto leyo phantsi yonke ngokupheleleyo. Yildiz Palace, apho kuhlala i likaCaliph, wazala nabalindi.

Apho sele usebenza ngokungapheziyo kubo Bureau, ukulawula imisebenzi onke amasebe karhulumente,, ziyahlelwa Sanov Empire ngaphezulu. Nayiphi na into encinane eyabangela abenoburhalarhume Abdul Hamid nga malini umntu nje kuphela kwilahleko yezikhundla, kodwa ubomi. Nezazi liye laba lutshaba ephambili Sultan, ngoko ke ngenkuthalo wakhuthaza ngokulahleka. Akukho umlungiseleli, saya Ports isebe, ukuba imfundo kungekho ephakamileyo. Ngenxa yokuba oku kudlula ngenxa unreliability, ngoko ezingamkelekanga okokuba Sultan. amagosa ephondo kwaye ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa kwinqanaba eliphezulu yenkcubeko. Ubazi zabo walawula nalwazelelelo kunye norhwaphilizo. Abdul Hamid ngokwakhe wakhetha ukuba ashiye komkhulu. Ngaphandle kwaba selyamlik kuphela. Ahlela uthungelwano hlola oxandileyo wadala a abecuphi, nto leyo eye malivakale ehlabathini lonke. On waya izibalo ezisemagqabini ukusuka karhulumente.

network hlola kunye abecuphi

Akukho umntu ongatshatanga kweli lizwe zange bazive bekhuselekile. Abantu babesoyika nkqu amadoda basondeleyo - nabafazi, ooyise - abantwana. aqatha kunye ezilandelayo kubo, kwabanjwa kunye nokuhanjiswa yayixhaphakile. Amaxesha amaninzi umntu nje wabulawa ngaphandle kwetyala. Leaders uphando abantu bazi ebusweni kwaye xa zithe zenzeka babalekela. Ukugadwa kwaqhutywa kunye ziphezulu. Sultan wayesazi ngazo ngokupheleleyo yonke into, kuquka imikhwa yokutya. Nkqu eyiyona kakhulu kumntu likaCaliph nako ukuhlalisana ngoxolo. Ngaphakathi camarilla inkundla ijinga umoya kwingcinezelo yokoyika nokungathembani. Iintlola kuzo zonke iimbombo zeli lizwe. Yena bathutha phantse kuzo zonke abaxhasi uguquko.

yokuhlolwa esibanzi

Ukushicilela iye phantsi imingcele kakhulu. Inani iincwadi iye yehla kakhulu. Amagama afana "inkululeko", "ubundlobongela", "ukulingana" babegqalwa ukunyelisa. ukusebenzisa yabo wawulahla umphefumlo wakhe.

iincwadi Ukuvalwa baba uVoltaire, Byron, Tolstoy, kwaye nkqu Shakespeare, ingakumbi ntlekele "Hamlet", ngokuba kwaba ukubulala kakumkani. ababhali Turkish azama kwimisebenzi yakhe kujongana nemiba yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko.

Universities esweni ngenyameko. Nawuphi free-nipped neengcambu. Imbali Islam kunye ubukhosi Ottoman indawo iintetho zemveli kwimbali yehlabathi.

Kwanokupheliswa mass of Armenia

Sultan of the Ottoman ngabom, bahlwayele ingxabano phakathi bamaSilamsi labantu zamaKristu. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ingqiqo. Enenzondo yenza abantu ababuthathaka nomsindo ukusuka imiba engundoqo. Akukho namnye urhulumente akwazi ukunika ekwalile efanelekileyo kwi likaCaliph. Waqokela ukumqumbisa intiyo phakathi kwezizwe, esebenzisa izixhobo zophando kunye namapolisa. Emva koko mabutho "Hamidiya Bazaar" wadalwa ngoncedo Kurds. Sultan tulo uvalo labemi. Ingakumbi umbilini abemi bawo ubunzima yi Armenia. Ukususela 1894 ukuya 1896 kwabulawa malunga 300 lamawaka. Man.

Armenia ngexesha elifanayo yokunika imbeko Kurds kunye irhafu umbuso. Ungasebenzi, udiniwe yeetawuli abasemagunyeni, abantu baye bazama ukuba abantu baqhankqalaze. Impendulo kwaba nobudlova iilali, ogcwele yinkukuma izidumbu. Armenia elinyukayo ephila, ezilinyaziweyo, yaye wabulala nemizana yonke. Umzekelo, e Erzurum massacre wathabatha inxaxheba kunye amajoni, yaye abemi elula Turkish. Kwaye incwadi ukuya kwenye ijoni Ottoman, eya kusapho, wathi akukho namnye baseTurkey zange owenzakeleyo kwaye akukho Armenia aseleyo.

Imvelaphi eliphikisayo

Phakathi kokuthanda ngesothuso, impanziso kunye nobuhlwempu bema umkhosi Turkish. Ngayo utshintsho sultan ngokukhawuleza zenziwa. Baba isiphelo ophezulu uqeqesho emkhosini waza wafumana imfundo esemagqabini. Ngokusisiseko, amajoni Turkish nibe ngabantu kunayo ebukhosini. Nekhono zonke, ukuba bangabi nakuqwalasela ngokuzolileyo oko kwenza ilizwe labo kaThixo olungumbandezeli Abdul Hamid imo-2. Phambi kokuba bephoxekile amehlo abo + wachitha ubukhosi, ubengukumkani nalwazelelelo nobusela, udlame zamihla; eneneni imigaqo eYurophu, ukuba awususe kangangoko kwiphondo layo.

Akunamsebenzi nokuba kangakanani belivile, Sultan ingcamango silinene ezingqondweni nezazi entsha, solo bazalwa kunye yaphuhliswa. Kwaye ngo-1889 kwakukho iqela ofihlakeleyo Turks Young, leyo laba sisiqalo ukumelana igazi ukuba despotism ka Abdul-Hamid. Ngowe-1892, oko ndafunda i-Port. Abafundi baye babanjwa, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa Sultan ewakhulule kwaye wayengavumelekanga ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe. Abdul-Hamid akazange afune ukuba shushu phezulu emoyeni ezikolweni bakhuphela izenzo zabo escapade obutsha. A mbuso laqhubeka lisanda.

revolution Turk Young

Iminyaka elishumi, umkhosi kwemibutho Young Turk. Kule mizi, amaphetshana, iincwadana, amaphephandaba, nto leyo edla iyenze Sultan kombuso wakhuthaza ukubhukuqwa yakhe. imizwa Anti-urhulumente wafika kuvuthondaba apho ngo-1905 kwabakho utshintsho eRashiya, ngokukhawuleza wasabela ezintliziyweni zizifundiswa Turkish.

Umbusi walahlekelwa ukuphumla kwaye wachitha ubusuku quthu nizoyikela ukuba yayingengomarhe athethwe ngaye, ingakumbi zidale oomatiloshe Russian kwi wempi "Potemkin", yongezwe e Istanbul. Wada wayalela uphando kwi iinqanawa Turkish emkhosini ukuze kuchongwe umoya olululo. Sultan Abdul Hamid II wayevakalelwa kukuba bolawulo lwakhe eza kubugqiba. Kwaye ngo-1905, yaba umzamo wangenwa yintaka.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i nkongolo le mibutho Young Turk, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ekubhukuqweni Sultan kunye neenzame ezidibeneyo ukubuyisela-siseko. Kwicala ngeentombi Turks kwabelaseMakedoni yeyela labemi ngokwayo umkhosi natalie kaThixo. Nangona kunjalo, lo ucaliph wazidla. Wahamba umnyinyiva, kwaye umgaqo-siseko yaphinda-isibhengezo ka July 10, 1908.

Ukuphela sexesha "zulyuma"

Sultan of the Ottoman wazalisekisa zonke iimfuno Turks Young, kodwa yahlanganisa ngokufihlakeleyo iyelenqe nxamnye siseko. Imbali liphindwe, kodwa ke ekugqibeleni waba ezahlukeneyo. Kunye nonyana wakhe Burhaneddin abayiqokelele phakathi regiments lwenqila abalandeli, sokutshiza ekunene ngegolide novulelweyo. April ubusuku ngo-1909 zilungelelaniswe imvukelo. amajoni Turks Young ukusuka webutho efanayo zafakwa baza babulawa abaninzi. Army bahamba ukuya kwisakhiwo epalamente kwaye babefuna ukuba ngabalungiseleli kutshintsha. kamva Abdul-Hamid wazama ukungqina ukuba akubanga inxaxheba kwi mvukelo, kodwa watsho phantsi. Young "isenzo Army" Turk Istanbul kubanjwa yemizi ebhotweni Sultan. Singqongwe Iingcikivo nabalandeli bakhe kunye nosapho, wonqanyulwa, angabikho ehlabathini, kwanyanzeleka ukuba anikezele. April 27, 1909 umbusi yabhukuqwayo kwaye elubhacweni iSalonika. Ngoko Liphelisa unya wolawulo, ngubani lisikwe wadala Abdul-Hamid. Umkakhe, waya naye. Kodwa asingabo bonke kodwa kuphela kakhulu elithembekileyo.

Family umbusi 99

Family Life Abdul-Hamid lifana Ottoman Sultan. Umbusi watshata izihlandlo ezili-13. Kubo bonke abantu bakhe wathi ngokukhethekileyo saqhotyoshelwa ezimbini: Myushfike kunye Salih. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba aphumile umbusi zabhukuqwa engxakini waya naye ekuthinjweni. Asingabo bonke abafazi Ottoman Sultan ukuze wavela kakuhle nobuhlobo. Nge Safinaz Nurefzun ke umtshato kodwa ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, yaye inxalenye Thessaloniki ngokwahlukana. Iindlalifa likaCaliph ukulinda nxi yaseXhora, emva kokuba wahliswa Abdul-Hamid. Abantwana Sultan ziye zapheliswa 1924 ukususela eTurkey. Ngokwakhe owayesakuba likaCaliph wabuyela Istanbul iminyaka embalwa emva ekuthinjweni wafela apho ngo-1918.