British Hong Kong (British Hong Kong) - History. amathanga Ababesakuba British

British Hong Kong - imfundo karhulumente, apho ibango yi China kunye United Kingdom. A obunobunzima izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe lo usingasiqithi cishe elizimeleyo koko, kwamanye amazwe, kunye nemithetho yerhafu silinene ukuba urhulumente abe ngomnye mimandla akhula kakhulu ehlabathini.

prehistory

History of Hong Kong iqala malunga 30,000 eyadlulayo. Ngokutsho zakudala, yenye ezimbombeni abadumileyo zomhlaba, apho kwafunyanwa imizila abantu bamandulo. Kangangexesha elide kule ndawo kuyindawo ngokupheleleyo yi China. Ebudeni bolawulo i Tang Dynasty , kule ndawo yaziwa njengeziko ngamazwe nezorhwebo. Hong Kong iye eyaziwa njenge mvelisi enkulu ityuwa, izibuko aselwandle, iziko ukuthutyeleziswa.

Ukuqala umlaliso War

Ngo-1836, urhulumente Chinese wenziwe ngokutsha enkulu-nkqubo entsimini yentengiso umlaliso ekrwada. Lin wavuma ukuthatha umsebenzi uvimba ukusasazeka umlaliso. Ngo March 1839 waba Imperial uMkomishinala ekhethekileyo e Canton, apho lubekwa bokufika ukuba ashiye kumthi wabo umlaliso. Yena kuphela ukufikelela abarhwebi British kunye mveliso Canton wakwazi lunqamle angabikho izinto. UMhloli Chief on ishishini, Charles Elliott, Lin ivumile ukuba aphumeze el ukuvumela ukuphuma ekhuselekileyo ukusuka imarike umlaliso Ngokuba abarhwebi British kunye neendleko ezinxulumene kufuneka usonjululwe ngesivumelwano phakathi koorhulumente ezimbini. Elliott wathembisa ukuba urhulumente waseBritani iya kuhlawula kuba isitokhwe umlaliso abathengisi bendawo. Ngoko ke, abarhwebi ezifakwe izifuba zazo, nto leyo 20,283 kg umlaliso. Kamva, le ntlanzi sele ziphelisiwe indibano enkulu yabantu.

intetho yi British

IKhabhinethi British wagqiba ukuba abantu Chinese kufuneka bohlwaywe ngoSeptemba 1839. Abantu East kwafuneka ukuhlawulela nokutshatyalaliswa kwempahla yaseBritani. Expeditionary Force kuphelela yi Charles Elliot kunye umzalwana wakhe ngowe-1840. izindlu ziphethwe, Nkosi Palmerston. Kwaba xa isicelo yakhe Chinese Imperial kaRhulumente, kwachazwa ukuba abasemagunyeni British musa ingxabano ilungelo lokulawula ngokwabo umsebenzi wabo umlaliso Chinese, kodwa wayikhaba iindlela apho lo msebenzi wenziwa. Nkosi wabona ukuqinisa kalikhulu ngesiquphe ukulawula umlaliso njengoko isibatha amazwe (ngokuyintloko - kuba British) abarhwebi, umlaliso ekrwada kunye nezibonelelo ethintela yandlalwa inyathelo abangenabubele akachanekanga. Ukuxhasa eli nyathelo isicelo, uYehova wayalela angaphathi expeditionary ukuba kungene enye kwiziqithi ezikufuphi, kwaye ukuba Chinese abajongi ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno lwamaNgesi, amazibuko amaTshayina le iteksti kunye block Yellow inkundla yaseBritani. Xa isicelo, kwaye wagxininisa ukuba abarhwebi British akufunekanga ngaba iimfuno engagunyaziswanga zingabinabuhlobo yalo rhulumente wengingqi nayiphi na yiswe umbuso Chinese.

kuvunyelwene

Ngowe-1841, emva kokuba thethwano kunye noMnu Qi shan, owaphumelela i-Lin, cishe Elliott wabhengeza isivumelwano lokuqala, nto leyo iye yayiqwalasela ilungelo amaNgesi ukuya kwisiqithi Hong Kong kunye kwizibuko yayo. Ngoko ke wazalwa British Hong Kong. Flag of Great Britain wawanyusela phezu iinqaba amahasa siqithi, yaye Commander Dzheyms Bremen wathabatha ulawulo wesiqithi egameni le-British Crown. Hong Kong wathembisa ukuba isiseko esibalulekileyo uluntu yorhwebo British kwiphondo nganton. Ngowe-1842, kuphasiswe ngokusesikweni ukugqithiselwa siqithi, yaye "yaba lithanga British Hong Kong« Ngonaphakade.

Ukwandiswa kweli thanga

Isivumelwano, zisayinwe yiBritani urhulumente Chinese nako ukwanelisa akakho omnye okanye kwelinye icala. Xa ukuwa ngo1856, abasemagunyeni Chinese zibophe inqanawa yelo eTshayina, kwindawo yokwamkela i British Hong Kong kwachazwa. Unozakuzaku e Canton wabhenela amagunya Chinese ngenkcazelo ukuba loo kuvalelwa akukho buhlungu nohlobo esinzulu gqitha. ulawulo Hong Kong akayifukulanga isiganeko phambili iinkqubo zabo. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1857 iNkosi Palmerston wamisela ummeli Eldzhvina of kwicala yaseBritani umba lorhwebo wokhuselo, owayalela ukuba basayine imvumelwano entsha, ethe xhaxhe nge-China. Ngelo xesha linye i-British wagqiba ukomeleza indawo yayo thethwano ezizayo, yaye yagqitywa izindlu zabo French amandla ayo expeditionary. Ngowe-1860, izenzo edibeneyo yathinjwa Dagu Fort awuthimba Beijing, yabangela ukuba urhulumente Chinese ukwamkela iimfuno British. Nakule yamanani inkcaso zaye igama iimfazwe yorhwebo umlaliso, iyileyo iye wandisa i imimandla lwangaphesheya British uBukhosi kwaye baphela ngokoyiswa China. Ngokutsho izivumelwano ezisayiniweyo, amaBritane bakwazi ukuvula kumazibuko zabo, ngesisa kuhamba i iteksti River, oko wabuyela ilungelo lokuthengisa ngokusemthethweni umlaliso kwaye imisebenzi yabo ozakuzo eBeijing. Ukongeza, ngexesha impixano, umzimba IsiNgesi bangathabatha Kowloon Peninsula. Le yethafa okukhulu igugu - oko ukwakha isixeko kunye umgca omtsha ukuzithethelela.

Ukwandiswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, le bezithanga wafuna ukwandisa British Hong Kong nezokhuselo. Ngesi sihlandlo, uthetha-thethwano kunye kwicala Chinese lasungula, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukusayinwa indibano yesibini eBeijing Juni 9, 1989. Njengoko noorhulumente basemzini abeselenqophisene ukuba asikwazi ukujongela ulongamo China kunye ngeenyama zalo ukuba ndiziqhawule intsimi, i-British Hong Kong wafumana enye yokususwa karhulumente. Oku ukuba iChina "ukugcina ubuso" ngohlobo kolawulo nominal phezu ukusikwa komhlaba, kwaye amaBritane - enyanisweni ababusayo Hong Kong on mboleko. umhlaba Hong Kong iye waqeshisa kurhulumente British iminyaka 99. Ukongeza, phantsi kolawulo zaseBritane Isles anikwa 230, nto leyo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba kummandla omtsha yaseBritani. Ngokusemthethweni, iBritani wangena ilifa okwethutyana Hong Kong kunye nelizwe liphela ngo-1899. Apha kulo utyando imithetho yayo ezahlukileyo ukusuka wase-, ukusebenza kweenkundla, amapolisa kunye namasiko - bonke ababesebeqabuke kugxininisa ukuzimela kwabo British Hong Kong. Le ngqekembe ejikelezayo kulo mmandla kulo lonke mpuma Asia.

kweminyaka yemfazwe

Phambi Second World War, Hong Kong wayonwabile ubukho bathuleyo enye amathanga ezininzi yaseBritani, leyo saa kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukususela ekuqaleni amanyathelo lomkhosi, kwagqitywa ukubethelela ukusebenza lomkhosi ukukhusela ummandla omtsha British kunye nabasemagunyeni Chinese. Ngowe-1941, i-British utyikitye isivumelwano sentsebenziswano yasemkhosini, njengoko apho uhlaselo kwi British Hong Kong umkhosi wesizwe Chinese uya kuhlasela yaseJapan ngasemva. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ukuba buthathaka uxinzelelo utshaba kwi ikampu yaseBritani. December 8 mpi yaqala xa Hong Kong, apho eneneni ekuhlaseleni umoya yaseJapan watshabalalisa British Air Force kuhlasela enye. kwiintsuku ezimbini emva koko, i yaseJapan waphuncuka umnombo esemqoka kule intsimi entsha. Ingqwayi yaseBritani, uMajor-General Christopher Maltbi, weyiseka ukuba isiqhithi akayi kuhlala ixesha elide ngaphandle unyanzeliso, ngoko umphathi wayeka isicima wakhe evela emhlabeni nomsinga. December 18 yaseJapan wathabatha phezu Victoria Harbour. Njengoko ka December 25, ezilungiselelwe yi-loKhuselo baba nepokotho ezincinane kuphela yokunganyangeki. Maltbi Kucetyiswa bazinikele uRhuluneli Hong Kong - Nkosi Mark Young, ngubani wathabatha icebiso lakhe ukuze kuncitshiswe ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesixeko kunye nothotho kunokwenzeka.

ehlasela Japanese

Ngosuku olulandelayo, emva kokuba ngokuhlaselwa Generalissimo Chiang yakhupha umyalelo ezintathu kwibutho labasebenzi Chinese phantsi umyalelo Jikelele J. Hanmou ndibheke Hong Kong. Lwabe ukuqalisa kuhlaselwa koSuku loNyaka Omtsha kwi imikhosi umsebenzi yaseJapan kulaa mmandla nganton. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba elihamba Chinese yakwazi ukwakha umgca yalo ukuhlasela, yaseJapan waphula sisigcina-Hong Kong. ilahleko British ibalulekileyo: amajoni 2232 babulala kunye 2.300 balimala. I-Japanese zinike ingxelo yokuba baphulukana 1996 kwabafileyo, 6000 abalimele. nomsebenzi zeemvula Japanese bazisa kakhulu ukubandezeleka. Esi sixeko yatshatyalaliswa, abantu ababesele Hong Kong. Eli lizwe lifumana ukwehla kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo, abemi amathanga British sehle. I-Japanese bathumela entolongweni elibusayo bamaNgesi waza wafuna ukuba lizuze abathengisi bendawo yi wokuqeshwa aluleka esweni proteges zabo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni intsebenziswano ebanzi ngakwicala le-Elite, kwaye ukusuka abakumgangatho ophakathi, nangoloyikiso kude ngaphantsi kwezinye izixeko e China.

nomsebenzi Japanese

Hong Kong iye yaguqulwa yaba lithanga Japanese, kunye nokwanda kwezakhiwo zoshishino Japanese isikhundla British. Noko ke, uBukhosi waseJapan waba nobunzima kakhulu amalungiselelo, kwaye ngo-1943 ukutya ngengxaki Hong Kong. Urhulumente sele nobundlobongela ngakumbi lonakele, kwaye Chinese badanile abakhethekileyo. Emva kokuba uzinikele Japanese, iyunithi ubuyela iivoti waseBritani waba yalula, njengoko amanashinali nemisinga kunye nemikhosi obuKomanisi belungiselela imfazwe yamakhaya yaye ngoyaba ezifunwa kunye nemingeni Hong Kong. Xa umsebenzi ixesha elide eyomelezile umyalelo pre-imfazwe lwentlalo kunye noqoqosho phakathi noluntu lwezoshishino Chinese ngokususa ezinye kongquzulwano umdla ezakhokelela ukwehla udumo negunya British.

Ukubuyiselwa yobukhosi Chinese

Nokubandakanywa amerikanskiyh kunye nemali British ngokukhawuleza anyuse ithanga. Uphuhliso post-kwimfazwe Hong Kong ubonisa ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye emva koko - kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza koqoqosho. Ngasekupheleni-80, Hong Kong uye waba ngomnye amane "Oriental Dragon" ibamba ngempumelelo indawo yayo kwixesha langoku. Ngowe-1997, kwakukho transfer esinyanisekileyo kwamalungelo kuRhulumente Hong Kong of China. British koloni isithsaba yaphela, kunye Hong Kong baba ngegama yinxalenye China. Kodwa ke isixeko likwazile ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwalo kunye bodwa kwamanye amaphondo Chinese. Isebenzisa iinkundla yayo, baye imithetho yabo, uye ulawulo yayo kunye namasiko. Hong Kong - China iye kuphela, yaye akubonakali uya kuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yolawulo ngokubanzi kwixesha elizayo.

Hong Kong Capital

Hong Kong - ilizwe phantse akukho ntsimi. It has akukho capital ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo yeli gama. Sinokuthi elikomkhulu Hong Kong Hong Kong ngokwakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, imithombo ahlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba Victoria nguye likomkhulu Hong Kong City. Le ndawo kunayo sixeko, apho zonke izakhiwo zolawulo okanye zezopolitiko eyathi buzinze ixesha British Raj. Emva kokuphela yerenti Victoria City nje omnye iindawo Hong Kong, ngoko ke uluvo lokuba le ndawo a capital Hong Kong, iphelelwe yaye hayi kakhulu oyinyaniso.

mihla Hong Kong

Uphuhliso post-imfazwe ngokukhawuleza kummandla Far East kukhokelele kwinto yokuba British yanamhlanje Hong Kong iye yaba esinye sezona ziquququ baza isixeko ehlabathini. Ukunqongophala phantse ngokupheleleyo kwezibonelelo zendalo alukhange athintele ukufikelela kummandla ephikisana ukudidi oluphezulu kunokwenzeka wokuphila. Oku kungenxa kuphuhliso lomthetho, izibonelelo egqibeleleyo indawo kunenzuzo okuyo.

Hong Kong wakwazi ukufumana injongo yaso kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, waza waba kobethileyo kwi elektroniki, impahla, elukiweyo kunye namashishini zombane. Nangona kunjalo, i-injini engundoqo ekuphuhlisweni Hong Kong lishishini inkonzo. Inkoliso yabantu kule ngingqi ziqeshwe zemali, zebhanki, kurhwebo kunye ihotele shishino. eziphambili amaqabane Hong Kong zoba eUnited States, Taiwan, eJapan, Singapore kunye United Kingdom.

intliziyo Hong Kong i-

iziko Hong Kong unako ozakuthathwa siqithi yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini, apho kufuneka umda ngokohlobo ethekwini. Phakathi nemisinga isiqithi kwetonela ezintathu komhlaba wabeka. Kwisiqithi zezona ofisi zolawulo lubalulekileyo Hong Kong, kuquka i-World Financial Center, endala kunye nesakhiwo esitsha ye-Bank of China, Iziko leMiboniso ehlabathini. zokuzonwabisa kakhulu. iivenkile Fashion, iimyuziyam antique kunye namaqela nazo zibekwe kwi-siqithi, ngoko ngeli xesha na. Hong Kong uyakwazi ozakuthathwa ziko lommandla exineneyo ngabantu mpuma Asia.

kuba yiparadesi yabahambi

New Hong Kong - iparadesi kubathandi ukuzonwabisa kunye evenkileni. Iivenkile bendawo ingqokelela yemiyinge odumileyo ngamaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu, kwaye iidisco eziliqela, imivalo kunye azi- ivulelekile kuluntu imini nobusuku. Abathandi sibethwe ngumoya kunye kwakudala nazo ziya kuhlutha - e-Hong Kong washiya Zininzi iindawo ezikhuselweyo kunye neepaki apho unako uhlobo kushunyayelwe kuzo elinemvula. Kanye kubakhenkethi, kunye iimyuziyam eliqela amabandla, apho ubona imiboniso ezizodwa eziqokelelwe kumawaka eminyaka embali e Hong Kong, ukubona oqingqiweyo inkulu ehlabathini ngayo Buddha, ukuba batyelele kwiidolophana ezisemagqagaleni, apho kusekho ayeze izithethe zamandulo. Abahambi ngeenyawo bendingedaniyo - nangona loxinano omkhulu labemi, Hong Kong yaye uhlala yayisesinye sezixeko awona ehlabathini. Kunye nonxibelelwano kufuneka kungabikho ngxaki - uninzi lwabantu e-Hong Kong ndithethe okulungileyo in IsiNgesi.

Ukuba unalo ixesha kunye nethuba - kutyelela eli siqithi emangalisayo - okuvelayo mihla Hong Kong, ngokubalulekileyo idibanisa bamandulo mihla, kuya kuhlala kwinkumbulo yakho ebomini.