Yintoni webutho kwamabutho? Imbali abakhwele Russian

Yaba iintlobo yokugqibela esisiseko imikhosi edlula amajoni ngeenyawo ngemela nge ibhotolo. Nayiphi webutho kwamabutho yakwazi ukuhlasela izihlandlo ezilishumi imikhosi ophezulu yotshaba ngeenyawo, ekubeni umntu uphume, kushukunywe ikhono ukuhlaselwa ekhawulezileyo nenamandla. I-mabutho nako ukulwa bodwa ukusuka abanye abantu nje kuphela, kunokuba bahambe imigama emide ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, ukubonakala ngasemva kunye nelisemihlubulweni yotshaba. Mabutho ethanda ajike kwaye yimbumba ngokuxhomekeke meko, ukutshintsha enye uhlobo amanyathelo komnye, oko kukuthi, la madoda nako ukulwa, yaye ahamba ngeenyawo, ngamahashe. Le ngxaki isonjululwe kuzo zonke iindidi ukulwa imeko - kwaye Committe, kunye nokusebenza kunye qhinga.

ngezigaba mabutho

Kanye njengokuba elihamba Russian, kukho khona amaqela amathathu. kwamabutho Ukukhanya (hussars kunye lancers, kwaye ngo-1867 ukuba kwangena Cossacks) ukuba yenzelwe ukuba kwesimo kunye nenkonzo patrol. Linear dragoons yaziswa - ekuqaleni babebizwa neempungutye, xa elihamba wayefake nje phezu amahashe. Kamva, saba igama Calvary, nto leyo amanyathelo ngeenyawo. dragoons uzuko Special olufunyenwe phantsi uPetros Omkhulu. Mabutho iqela lesithathu - engagunyaziswanga (in translation - engalunganga) kunye enzima - kwaye yayibandakanya Cossack Kalmucks kunye cuirassiers kakhulu axhobileyo zazo iinkosi serried ukuhlaselwa.

Kwamanye amazwe, mabutho yahlulwa elula ngendlela elula, aphakathi kunye inzima, nto leyo kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi ubunzima ihashe. Easy - ihashe huntsman, lancers, hussars (ihashe ubunzima kilograms ezimakhulu mahlanu), avareji - Dragoons (ezintandathu) esinzima - le Knights, Reiter, grenadiers, i Carabinieri, le cuirassiers (ihashe kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni, enobunzima iikhilogram ngaphezu ezisibhozo). I Cossacks yomkhosi Russian ixesha elide kuthathwa ukuba amahashe engaqhelekanga, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe abonela isakhiwo yomkhosi yoBukhosi baseRashiya, ukuthatha isihlalo ecaleni dragoons. Oko Cossack-Calvary webutho, yaba izoyikiso engundoqo utshaba kwiimfazwe zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. amajoni Horse ohlulwa aba kwiiyunithi ngokweemfuno zolawulo kunye neenjongo. Eli qhinga, Committe, ngaphambili, owamahashe umkhosi.

Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus wayesazi iintlobo ezimbini amajoni - nomkhosi, owamahashe, kodwa ngokusebenzisa yokugqibela ogqiba imfazwe, umsebenzi lwaqhutywa lobunjineli kunye nezothutho, ukuba agubungele ngasemva, nangona indawo eziphambili kuhlalwe, Kakade ke, elihamba. Amahashe wasetyenziswa ukunikezela amajoni kule ndawo. Le nto yenzeka kwada ngenkulungwane elinanye. Ngaphezu koko, lo gama elihamba kwi uloyiso elingana kufunxwa nabakhweli, ngoko ke mabutho waqalisa ukulawula. Mhlawumbi ngelo xesha, yaye kwakukho webutho lokuqala mahashe. ukusilela okuthe gqolo kwi imfazwe emathafeni abantu Ndikuyalele abathetheli Kievan, yaye kungekudala waba abakhweli Russian ayengekho ngaphantsi: siyaqeqeshwa, imibutho, ibize ndaweninye, ukhaliphile.

Waza waqala uloyiso ephambili yomkhosi Russian. Ngoko ke, ngo-1242 i-mabutho wadlala indima enkulu ngokoyiswa leTeutonic Knights (Battle of the Ice). Wavutha Kulikovo apho Zasadnyy nanceba-Calvary Dmitriya Donskogo kwangaphambili isiphumo ukulwa aweza umkhosi. Xa Mongols yaba ngumothuko, owamahashe ukukhanya, ngokugqibeleleyo imibutho (Tumen, amawaka, amakhulu okanye amashumi), engumnini isaphetha ogqibeleleyo, yaye ukongezelela, nentshuntshe, ikrele, izembe kunye club. I-qhinga yaba yinxalenye Persian okanye Parthian - sunset ukukhanya abakhwele nangegxalaba yaye nangasemva, ngoko neziqhushumbisi ngqo kunye nelide ngezaphetha elide-uluhlu Mongolian, yaye ekugqibeleni atsho ukuhlasela amandla, eyayibanjelwe ngenxa mabutho enzima. Amaqhinga wazama kwaye phantse gidi. Noko ke, ngolweshumi elinesihlanu amahashe Russian kwinkulungwane sele iphuhlisiwe ukuze akwazi ukumelana nayo.

Boomstick

Wenkulungwane elinesithandathu waphum 'egusheni i amahashe lula, bexhobe ngemipu, ngenxa yokuba olu tshintsho kunye neendlela imfazwe kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa oko ngokulwa. Ngaphambili eyahlukileyo kwamabutho webutho, wahlasela utshaba ngensimbi yengqele, ngoku kudubula ihlelwa kwimiqolo ngqo ukusuka ihashe. Ulwakhiwo webutho, amanzi ngokwaneleyo, phezulu gaba elinesihlanu okanye ngaphezulu ukuba abeke phambili leyo evela umyalelo inkonzo kumqolo wokuqala.

Kwaba kwinkulungwane yeshumi, yaye kwakukho dragoons kunye cuirassiers. ngekhulu Swedish kwamabutho elinesixhenxe kwa- ngokupheleleyo kubo. Empini, Korol Gustav Adolphus umgca amahashe phezulu xa imigca emibini sezikhundla ezine, esalinikwayo umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu amandla, ekwaziyo ukubetha ngokugqibeleleyo kungekuphela ukuhlasela, kodwa kwakhona lula ngamaqhinga. baphuma umkhosi squadrons kunye regiments abakhwele kuyo. Kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe mabutho waba ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini yomkhosi kumazwe amaninzi, yaye elihamba eFransi wayengomnye enesiqingatha izihlandlo ngaphantsi.

esinayo

In Russia kula mabutho ngenkulungwane sele nohlulwe enzima, aphakathi kunye ukukhanya, kodwa kakhulu ngaphambili, kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu, wadalwa vivo manorial amadoda kunye namahashe, kunye nophuhliso sayo uqeqesho amahashe eyahlukileyo Russian kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Le nkqubo wokufumana wazaliseka amajoni Russian amahashe elikhulu kakhulu yeengcungcu. Kakade phantsi Ivan abangcangcazelisi, waba yinkokheli ekunikezelweni-mkhosi, uniko manani asibhozo amawaka abantu, kwaye i Livonian War wayengenguye webutho Cossack mahashe.

ngcembe Ukwakhiwa amahashe Russian yatshintsha. umkhosi rhoqo wadalwa phantsi uPetros Pevom apho amahashe kwakukho Boel amane amawaka dragoons - amane regiments. Kwaba ngoko ukuba abakhweli zadluliselwa kwi umpu inkonzo. War Northern wafundisa mabutho ukuba ngokuzimeleyo kwaye Idabi Poltava -Calvary Menshikov wenza resourcefully kakhulu, nangeenyawo. Ngelo xesha linye isiphumo isigqibo imfazwe mabutho mgaqweni, olu sapho lwaluquka Kalmyks kunye Cossacks.

charter

Petrine isiko uye waphila ngo-1755 ukumkanikazi Elizabeth: livelise kwaye waqalisa-Calvary charter, kakhulu ukuphuculwa ekulweni ukusetyenziswa abakhwele edabini. Sele 1756, umkhosi Russian ebeyinalo Guards owamahashe webutho, amathandathu anesithandathu cuirassier Grenadier, elinesibhozo elizeleyo ixesha kunye regiments ezimbini dragoon engabalulekanga. Mabutho engagunyaziswanga njenge Kalmyks kwaye Cossacks kwakhona.

kwamabutho Russian aqeqeshwa akudanga, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kunalo naliphi lwaseYurophu, kungqinwe War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo lenyuka inani abakhwele ekukhanyeni, njengokuba elinesithoba, xa ubunzima bomkhosi, mabutho nohlulwe i yomkhosi qhinga. Le yokugqibela ibiya ukulwa, kokubini ngokuzimeleyo kunye namanye amasebe emkhosini, kwaye iyunithi yasemkhosini yinxalenye webutho lonke webutho, kunye neeyunithi nomkhosi eziyimfuneko ukhuseleko, unxibelelwano kunye zobuntlola.

ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

UNapoleon waba ezine angaphathi amahashe - amane lamawaka amahashe. Umkhosi Russian ngamashumi amahlanu regiments owamahashe, phakathi kwabo - abalindi ezintlanu, cuirassier ezisibhozo, dragoon mathathu anesithandathu, elinanye ezintlanu hussar Ulan, okt iyantlukwano elinanye, izakhiwo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo kunye angaphathi amahashe. Russian kwamabutho yokulwela kuphela zikhwele emahasheni, yaye badlale indima ebalulekileyo ngokoyiswa yomkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane amandla ngoqeqesho lomlilo zokudubula liye landa amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amahashe wathwala ilahleko enkulu. Ke waphakama waza wabuza imfuneko yobukho bawo.

Imfazwe Civil eUnited States, nangona kunjalo, abonise impumelelo yale hlobo amajoni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba imidlalo zoqeqesho lupwa kunye nabaphathi abanobuchule. Behlasela ngasemva kunye nonxibelelwano baba enzulu yimpumelelo kakhulu, nangona revolvers kunye carbines abazange nje emva kokudutyulwa, kodwa azinamsonto. Ngeesabile Amerika gama phantse asisetyenziswa konke. I-US iseyeyona imbali Umbutho ngokukoyika olukhulu. Ngoko ke, 2-Calvary webutho (Dragoons, 2nd-Calvary webutho) yasekwa ngo-1836 yaye, ngaphandle kokutshintsha igama, yaba yokuqala encinane, ngoko elihamba imishini. Ngoku ke eYurophu, ukuba ube yinxalenye elinokuvela yongungelwano US.

The First World War

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, nokuba ekuqaleni, mabutho ndandineminyaka elishumi ekhulwini yomkhosi, ngoncedo yayo, elisombulula ingxaki Tactical kunye nokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, lo zokudubula umkhosi ngakumbi ifumile, imipu umatshini kunye moya, inxalenye abakhwele yayo ubunzima ilahleko ngonaphakade ngakumbi enkulu, yaye ngoko ke babe phantse ayisasebenzi ngokulwa. Umzekelo, isakhono elihle yokulwa yabonisa High Umyalelo German, ithwele Sventsiany idabi xa kusetyenziswa amaqela ezintandathu mahashe. Kodwa ke, mhlawumbi, umzekelo kuphela omhle eso sicwangciso.

kwamabutho Russian First World ebemaninzi - amathathu anesithandathu iyantlukwano, abakhweli angamakhulu amabini amawaka baqeqeshwe kakuhle - kodwa impumelelo, nokuba ekuqaleni kwemfazwe baba ezincinane kakhulu, kwaye xa kufika kwaphela ixesha indawo kunye uhlela, ukulwa olu hlobo imikhosi baphelile injalo. Zonke avala wehla waya kungena imingxuma. Imiqathango zatshintsha zemfazwe kulo mzekelo, nto Russian umyalelo Andifundanga: ngoyaba le ndlela ibalulekileyo, nto spray mabutho lonke ubude ngaphambili kwaye lusetyenziswe abanezakhono kakhulu mlilo procurers. Iimfundiso enikelwe ukuhlaselwa ukuze obusondeleyo yesali, kunye nokuqalisa kwe ngeenyawo phantse nga hetisekanga. Emva kwemfazwe, imikhosi Koloni esinenjini, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe amahashe imishini bungaveli okanye wayicola ubuncinane, njengoko eFransi, eItali, Great Britain kunye nabanye. Kuphela ePoland wahlala ngokupheleleyo imikhosi amahashe elinanye.

"Thina - mabutho ebomvu ..."

Formation of yiSoviet amahashe yaqala kunye nokudalwa oluBomvu Army, nto leyo kakhulu kunzima ukwenza ngo-1918. Okokuqala, zonke iinkalo ekunike umkhosi Russian kunye amahashe nabakhweli ngazo yi interventionists angaphandle kunye abamhlophe. abathetheli abanamava abaswela. Emva kokuba World ezintathu First kuphela regiments umkhosi yomkhosi omdala baba ngokupheleleyo yinxalenye eSoviet. Iingalo nezikhali kwaba kubi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, njengokuba enjalo, mabutho webutho yokuqala leeyunithi ezintsha wavela hayi kwangoko. Ekuqaleni kwakukho nje ezilikhulu ihashe, amajoni, squadrons.

Umzekelo, B. Dumenko wadalwa 1918 yi iyunithi yabanqolobi encinane entwasahlobo kwaye ukuwa kwaba sele wokuqala Don amahashe brigade, ngoko - phezu Tsaritsyn Front - ushwankathelo-Calvary Division. Ngowe-1919, nxamnye Denikin ezazisetyenziswa nje umzimba ezimbini yamahashe. amahashe abomvu kwakungamandla kakhulu ezinamandla umxhelo, hayi ukuba akanalo inkululeko ngo kwiinjongo zokusebenza, kodwa wabonisa ngokugqibeleleyo ngokwayo xa zidibene nezinye kusitsha. NgoNovemba 1919 idale Yokuqala-Calvary Army, ngoJulayi 1920 - yesibini. Ukudibanisa connecting mabutho Red bamtyabula wonke; Denikin kunye Kolchak, kunye Wrangel kunye nomkhosi Polish.

mabutho phakade

Emva kweMfazwe Civil amahashe elide wahlala enkulu kwi imikhosi Red Army. Okuhlamba phezu qhinga (engabandakanyi kunye namacandelo) kunye nomkhosi (unit akhiwa kweeyunithi elihamba). Kwakhona ukusuka 20 kwi-Red Army neyahanjelwa namacandelo esizwe - ngokwemveli Cossacks (nangona iintsilelo, weziThuthi ngo-1936), nabamahashe, North neAsia. Hi ndlela leyi, emva kokuba isigqibo yaBantu Commissar lezoKhuselo leeyunithi amahashe 1936 baye Cossack kakhulu. Nangona kukho ulwazi malunga ukuba ixesha perestroika kukho ikuyo, ukuba phambi kokuba imikhosi Great Patriotic ezininzi mabutho akabanga ezweni Amaqumrhu, kuyimfuneko ukubuyisela inyaniso njongo: amaphepha bathi akukho "yokulinda Budyonny" ibingeyiyo, kwaye abakhwele-1937 Oku siye sehla ngaphezu kabini, ngoko - ngo-1940 mu-anyamalala ngokukhawuleza.

Noko ke, iindlela esinayo yonke, yaye akukho umda. Zhukov uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiiveki zokuqala imfazwe wabonisa ukuba mabutho phantsi. Kwaye emva alungiswe. Ehlotyeni ingakumbi ebusika 1941-Calvary kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II nje kuyimfuneko phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Kufutshane ESmolensk, ehlotyeni yokuhlasela olwenziwe amaqela ezintlanu owamahashe, ukunceda abanye abantu bethu kuye kwabonelelwa ebonakalayo kuphela, kwaba nje akunakwenzeka ukuba zazi. Kwaye ngoko Yelnia sele kwi counter-ekhubekisayo, ukuba mabutho imisiwe ndlela zolondolozo ngokungenalusini karhulumente, kwaye kutheni impumelelo waqinisekiswa. NgoDisemba 1941, ikota kulwahlulo eMoscow umkhosi. Ngowe-1943, phantse amabini anamashumi amahlanu amawaka abamahashe balwa amaqela amabini anesithandathu (ngo-1940 kwakukho-13 kuphela, yaye bonke kunye namanani asezantsi). Don Cossack Corps wakhulula eVienna. Kuban - Prague.

11 butho eyahlukileyo abakhwele

Ngaphandle kwayo, kuba bhanya esizithandayo apho kuza. Le uxhulumaniso njengabo bonke abanye, babengamalungu omkhosi kweli lizwe, kodwa isetyenziswe bhanya movie. 11 olwahlukeneyo kwamabutho butho - inombolo 55605 unit yomkhosi wasekwa ngo-1962. It yaqaliswa ngumlawuli Sergei Bondarchuk. wobugcisa Okokuqala, ngaphandle koncedo webutho, akuyi kwenzeka, lo amaqhawe bhanya odumileyo nokuhomba "War Noxolo". Kungenxa kule webutho, kwakukho abadlali Andrey Rostotsky kunye Sergei Zhigunov. Umxholo yemfazwe "cinematic" de '90 wahlawula Mosfilm, ngoko ke ukuqhubeka, Kakade ke, nako.

Ten amaxesha ukuncitshiswa kwenani abakhweli, lahamba kancinane ezine ngaphantsi kwe omnye anamashumi mahlanu amahashe. Ziqulathe webutho kule nxalenye wokuvunywa Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Defence. Sekunjalo, umbuzo ke disbandment epheleleyo esinzulu gqitha. Kuphela isibheno kumongameli Nikita Mikhalkov uye wanceda gcina 11 Calvary. Oku kwamnceda ukuba benze ifilimu "I Barber eSiberia". Ngowe-2002, oko engasekho uMongameli-Calvary webutho, kunye neempelesi Wawongwa sakhiwa kaMongameli webutho. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba blockbusters bazalwa nayo! "INkosana Igor", "White ilanga Sasentlango", "Waterloo", "Malunga hussar amahlwempu ...", "Ukuqhuba", "Idabi eMoscow", "Kuqala-Calvary", "Bagration", "The Black Arrow", "uPetros enkulu. "