Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe: indawo, ulawulo, imizi emikhulu geographical

Chernigov (okanye Chernihiv-Seversky) seLizwe wayengomnye ithi ibalulekileyo, nto leyo waphula ubunini ekuqaleni eziqhelekileyo Rurik. Le ubulawuli njalo ziyanyuswa izixeko ezininzi, kuba ekugqibeleni yawa nodwa fiefdoms ezincinane. Kwinkulungwane XIV i- Grand Duchy of Lithuania phakathi kumazwe subordinated Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe.

Iimeko zendalo kunye nomhlaba ubulawuli

Eyona ndawo iphambili ubulawuli ibekwe somfula Desna kunye Sejm, ziye zasasazwa ibhanki esempuma Dnieper. C. Don abarhwebi barhuqe ukufika Ukutya yayo eyele intlaka emhlophe, kwaye kuwo - Dnepr. It is on urhwebo kwezi emilanjeni ngokusekelwe amandla abo Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe. Labantu abaqeshwe baba okufana central ilizwe Russia ngelo xesha. Inxalenye enkulu zomhlaba olinywayo, ukunciphisa kunye nokutshiswa yehlathi.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe ziquka iindawo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba uninzi kwimbali yawo kwi-West, oko kuphelele kumazwe Chernigov, empuma kwi incopho yayo ifakiwe nokuba Moore. Okubaluleke kakhulu umzi wakhe emva Chernigov uninzi amabali wahlala Novgorod-Seversky, kule minyaka yokugqibela ubukho elizimeleyo embindini meko yaba Bryansk.

Ukubusa uba uzimele

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Chernihiv waba nendawo ethile ubulawuli eyahlukileyo emva kwedabi hardwood ngo-1024. Le imfazwe yokugqibela kunye inkulu phakathi koonyana St. Vladimir. Ngexesha emfazweni Mstislav Ngabasileyo ezihambe Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Izazi kamva), kodwa abazange baqhubeke ukulwa waza wacela ukuba ilawulwe nilabe ilizwe. Mstislav ilifa isixeko ephambili Chernigov nje kwaba. Kodwa Chernihiv-Seversky ubulawuli akazange ukungena ubuso le nto igama Prince Susa owaseka - 大, unyana wakhe okuphela Eustace wafa ngaphambi kokuba uyise abakhe akazange ziindlalifa ashiye. Ngoko xa ngo 1036 Mstislav wafa kuzingela, impahla yakhe phantsi kwegunya Yaroslav.

Yaroslav Mudry, njengoko yaziwa, phambi kokufa kwakhe wababela ilizwe lakhe phakathi koonyana bakhe. Chernihiv got Svyatoslav. Emva koko yaba ikamva ezimeleyo Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe. Abathetheli wobukhosi bakhe babebizwa Olegovichy egameni lonyana wakhe Svyatoslav Oleg.

Ukulwa iindlalifa Yaroslava Mudrogo of the ubulawuli

Yaroslav Mudry ukudlulisela bobathathu oonyana bakhe ukuba sihleli apha ehlabathini. Ezi oonyana (Izyaslav, Vsevolod kunye Svyatoslav) kwaye kwakukho malunga nama-20 eminyaka ubudala - bayinxalenye i-Union, ngoku ekuthiwa Triumvirate Yaroslavichy.

Kodwa ke ngo-1073, kunye nenkxaso ka Vsevolod, Svyatoslav wamgxotha Izyaslav waza waba Grand Duke, simanyene phantsi kolawulo lwakhe Kyïv kanye Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, Svyatoslav wafa kuba wazama ukususa nethumba. Ke Vsevolod ibalelane Izyaslav wabuya ePoland, wamnika itrone Kiev yaye wawongwa nguye Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe.

Abazalwana nkqubo nokunikezelwa komhlaba iye ndayihluthwa oonyana Svyatoslav ka Chernigov. Baya kunye nalo. Kwidabi kweli nqanaba yaba alwe Nezhatina Field. Ngeli xesha, Vsevolod wawoyisa, Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe wemka kuye (kwakunye eKiev, kuba Izyaslav wabulawa ngemikhonto utshaba).

Ingxaki ka Oleg Svyatoslavich: phesheya

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ekugqibeleni uhlobo Chernigov-Seversk prince waya kanye by Oleg Svyatoslavich. Kodwa indlela eya ilifa uyise wayo kakhulu lula.

Emva kokoyiswa kwi Idabi Nezhatina Nive Olegu kunye Roman wakwazi ukubaleka elifeni yesibini - Tmutarakan. Kodwa kungekudala amaRoma embulele wamngcatshayo namahlakani akhe, Cumans, Khazars kunye Oleg kubanjwa kudluliselwa eConstantinople.

Akwaziwa zithini izicwangciso e mlawuli yaseByzantium malunga umzukulwana Yaroslava Mudrogo, kuyo nayiphi na ukuba mhlawumbi zitshintshile kakhulu emva kokuba imvukelo odumileyo Varangian Guard, ngoko ke balapho belizwe Russian.

Zezopolitiko kulo mcimbi wayengekho; nje amajoni, ukuba ukwimeko onxilileyo, wahlasela lokulala asebukhosini. Intetho akuphumelelanga, abathathi-nxaxheba baye Ndibaxolele kodwa abathinjiweyo ukusuka kwikomkhulu, kunye Varangian Guard ukususela ngelo xesha wayebunjwa Anglo-amaSaxons, owabalekayo eNgilani emva kokuba ilizwe ezoyiswa nguWilliam koloyiso. Akukho lwazi malunga Oleg inxaxheba Njengasengcaphukisweni, kodwa naye wathunyelwa - kwisiqithi yaseRhodes.

Ngomhla kwimeko Oleg iRhodes ngcembe waqalisa ukuphucula. Watshata ummeli wasekuhlaleni kwintsapho abanempembelelo Feofano Muzalon. Ngowe-1083 wabalisa ngoncedo lo wona libutho yaseByzantium, ukhupha Khazars kwaye uba Tmutarakani hayi umthetheli, hayi irhuluneli lamaByzantine.

Ingxaki ka Oleg Svyatoslavich: abuyele Chernihiv

Ngowe-1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich wafa kunye Polovtsy wahlasela elo lizwe Russian, kuquka Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe, indawo okuyo kakhulu ukuba abantu abavela kuzo kumathafa oLwandle Omnyama ukufikelela kuyo. It abaxhasa Cumans Oleg Svyatoslavich ukulwela legacy kayise. Nxamnye mbuya wabeka unyana odumileyo Vsevolod Vladimir Monomah.

Kunyaka olandelayo waba Svyatoslavich Chernihiv. Waba incamathele kuyo kunye neminye imizi ubulawuli, baya kuhamba Moore, Rostov kunye Suzdal, kodwa woyiswa yi oonyana Vladimira Monomaha Mstislav kunye Vyacheslav kunye Polovtsian (ngoku wenza kwicala Vladimir).

Ukuze ufake uxolo yokugqibela phakathi iinkosana Russian, ngowe-1097 kwaqhutywa i-Congress malivakale Lubicz. Kukholelwa ukuba isithole notyekelo ukuya sokonakalisa Saint Vladimir ilifa lemveli. Kodwa kweli nqaku, kubalulekile ukuba Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe, nangona kokoyiswa Oleg, Prince wafudukela kule yokugqibela.

Novgorod Severskij bahlukaniswa ubulawuli

ukuqhekeka ngqo - ixesha iimfazwe rhoqo phakathi iinkosana. Phantse bonke baye bafuna ukwandisa nemfuyo yabo, yaye abaninzi - ukuthabatha itrone eyayiseKiev. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezi kwiimfazwe Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe. Indawo Geographical (kufuphi eKiev kunye nolawulo inxalenye Dnieper) ukuba wonyuselwa. Ngenxa a lot of the ubulawuli zafa kwakhona.

ubulawuli Large yaphela zibe fiefs ezincinane. Novgorod-Seversky waba nendawo ethile ubulawuli eyahlukileyo ngakumbi ukujongana yenkongolo wabathetheli e Liubech ngo-1097, kodwa ixesha elide ukuba umphathi yindlalifa kwitrone e Chernigov. Ngowe-1164, emva kokufa Svyatoslava Olgovicha, isivumelwano senziwe phakathi unyana wakhe, Oleg, kwaye omdala le abaza Oleg - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Ngokutsho kuyo, kuqala ndaya Chernigov, kwaye eyesibini - Novgorod-Seversky. Ngenxa yoko, kule mizi waqalisa ukulawula ubukhosi ezimeleyo.

Ngcembe ukuqhekeka ezi izilawuli zibe fiefdoms ezincinane yaqhubeka.

kuhlasela Batu kaThixo

Zidilikile zibe fiefdoms ubulawuli obuncinane isenokungaphumeleli umkhosi Tatar-Mongol ikhokelwa Batu Khan (kwizithethe Russian Batu). Kukho iingcaciso ezininzi, elinye engundoqo - eso sixeko kumanyana ebusweni lutshaba eqhelekileyo. Chernihiv-Seversky ubulawuli - isiqinisekiso olubonakalayo.

Yaba injongo ugwayimbo engundoqo kotshaba ngo-1239, kodwa boyiswa lokuqala welifa lakhe kodwa kwi odlulileyo 1238-m. Emva kwakhe kuqala, Prince Mihail Chernigovsky esingayilungisanga ukuba alwe umothuko omkhulu. Wabaleka ke Hungary, kwiminyaka embalwa emva, waya hlokondiba waza wafa ngenxa yokwala ukwenza amasiko zobuhedeni (lamiselwa njenge ngegorha ongcwele), kodwa edabini nxamnye Tatar-Mongol akazange kukhululwa.

Defence Chernihiv waya ngaphambili aspired etroneni njengenkosana esixekweni Mstislav Glebovich. Kodwa ngaphandle inkxaso bamelana Chernihiv bonke ubulawuli woyiswa, Mstislav wabaleka kwakhona Hungary.

Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe baba adumileyo kunye ukuziphendulela womnye namagxamesi ayo - Kozelsk. Inkulu imithetho isixeko usana (eli-12 ubudala), kodwa lakhiwa soyiswe. Kozelsk yayimi phezu kwentaba phakathi ezimbini imilambo (Zhizdra kunye Drugusnoy) kwiibhanki exandekeni. Ummeli iiveki-7 (kuba nako ukukhusela kuphela Kiev enamandla). Ngokubalulekileyo, Kozelsk ulwe yedwa: imikhosi eziphambili Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe, ngo-1238 kodwa ubukhulu becala angekachukunyiswa ukuhlaselwa, akazange eze aid yakhe.

Phantsi Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe

Kungekudala emva kokoyiswa imihlaba Russian ubukhosi Tatar-Mongol ahlukana. Batu Khan ithabathe inxaxheba ekulweni kwinzala ka Genghis Khan kunye nabanye. Ngenxa yoko, waba ngumlawuli omnye amaqhekeza amandla akhe - i Golden mkhosi (leyo wathobela nomhlaba Russian).

Phantsi kolawulo kubalawuli Golden hlokondiba ukuba baphelelwe ngamandla, kodwa ke ilungelo ukuqinisekisa oko, apho baya hlokondiba ukuba afumane ebizwa ngokuba yi-emfutshane. Bundlobongela buyanceda ukulawula amazwe iingalo Russian ngokwabo Russian.

ulawulo Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe eyakhelwe-siseko efanayo. Kodwa iziko layo isaqhubeka. Ngoku, iinkosana enkulu ka Chernigov waqalisa kulawula Bryansk. Lingaphantsi kakhulu Chernigov kunye Novgorod-Seversky wakhathazwa ayehlasela.

Olegovichy ukuba akanako nokuhlela ukuziphendulela ubulawuli ezilahlekileyo isihloko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha wafumana abathetheli ESmolensk.

Xa Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Ngowe-1357 wayithimba Bryansk Grand INkosana Lithuania UAlgirdas. Kungekudala Ezinye ilifa Chernihiv-Seversky ubulawuli yaba yinxalenye Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Iyafuna esithi amagama ambalwa malunga UAlgirdas nelisebenza weza Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe ukusuka emandleni Tatar-Mongol.

UAlgirdas wayengekho unyana omdala ka-Grand Duke lwangaphambili Lithuania Gedemin, kodwa iminyaka 4 emva kokufa kukayise wakhe, yayame umzalwana wakhe Keistut wavuka igunya elongamileyo. Koonyana yayo idumileyo - Jagiello. Ngaloo ndlela, yaba inzala ka UAlgirdas baba Jagiellonians - ubukhosi, nabanegunya kumazwe eziliqela eMpuma Central Yurophu.

Xa UAlgirdas and Kęstutis wazuza amandla ephakamileyo kwi Grand Duchy of Lithuania, babelane amagunya. Keystut benza ukuziphendulela imida yasentshona, utshaba yayo engundoqo le Crusaders. UAlgirdas Yamthatha nkqubo empumalanga angaphandle. nembangi wakhe zolotaya Orda ndixhomekeke nemeko (enye apho ngelo xesha impangele). UAlgirdas waphumelela. Woyisa i Tartars ngo-1362 kule mpi enkulu e Blue Waters kunye ehlonyelwe Grand Duchy of Lithuania ilifa abaninzi bamandulo Rurik. Waba umnini eyinkunzi ubukhosi lokuqala Russian - Kiev.

Xa Grand Duchy of Lithuania ixesha elide wahlala ukuzimela, kungoko ke iimpawu Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe, kuba Nngokobuchwepheshe Lahlala esizimeleyo, irhuluneli Vilna wamisa nje. wokugqibela waba Prince Roman Mikhailovich, kamva owayeza kulawula ESmolensk, apho ngo-1401 ukuba wabulawa ngabahlali nomsindo kweso sixeko. Ngenkulungwane XV, ilifa elalisakuba Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe baphulukana inkululeko yawo.

wamagama

Phakathi kwamazwe, leyo waziqhekeza urhulumente kanye obumanyeneyo Rurik, elibaluleke kakhulu yaba Chernihiv-Seversky seLizwe. Uphawu webali lakhe Zinjalo ezininzi ngokunxulumene izinto zangaphambili Yaroslava Mudrogo, kodwa iphepha kwaso umdla.

Lwalumi ngaphandle, yaphela zibe fiefdoms, ayikwazanga kukuchasa ukuya ayehlasela Mongols, kwaye abevanga, yaye kamva Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ngowe-1569, amazwe bakhe bathunyelwa ubukumkani Polish.

Of ngokwezahlulo, Chernihiv-Seversky ubulawuli yenzekile abaninzi ukuzalwa owaziwayo phakathi Grand Duchy of Lithuania kunye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Eyona idumileyo - abathetheli Novosilsky.