Ubalo laseYiputa yamandulo. Yintoni inkqubo maxesha eYiputa yamandulo?

Le khalenda yaqanjwa uluntu ukuze kube lula nokuba lula ukutshintsha yemijikelo zendalo. Kwimpucuko avuse BC, waba indlela yabo kule ukubala. Ubalo laseYiputa yamandulo ludalwe malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuba yayisekelwe bonke ubomi bezoqoqosho kwaye nemveliso bamaYiputa.

AmaYiputa Ikhalenda yenyanga

Le impucuko, ezivele kwisiqwenga imxinwa umhlaba nisela ezingakuMnayile. Yaba nguye lowo ngaphandle zonke neemfuno zabemi, ngoko iphalale imfuneko kufuneka siphathwe ngenkathalo enkulu. AmaYiputa, ngathi uninzi lwabantu behlabathi, ekuqaleni esetyenziswa yi ikhalenda kwenyanga. Ukuseta umhla kwalo mkhosi, kwaba inkqubo ubalo kuyimfuneko. E Egypt, oko kwingcinga yabonakala ezinye izazinzulu embindini BC nkulungwane yokuqala. Kunye ikhalenda yonqulo likhona kwaye zokunxiba, nto leyo iye yaphuhliswa ngokweenkcukacha. AmaYiputa ke ekuhambeni ngemijikelo yesithuba seminyaka-25, kwaye inani leenyanga kulo mzekelo wayelingana 309. Noko ke, siyayiqonda ncam into yokuba ikhalenda kwenyanga zizazi kakhulu engachananga, ngoko asifanele yokubala ukuqala umsebenzi wokulima. Inkqubo maxesha eYiputa yamandulo, ngokusekelwe izigaba month, lwalulolwexeshana

Ukudala ikhalenda elanga

Ngoko ke, ababingeleli baseYiputa amandulo owaya ingxaki ngokudala ikhalenda entsha, oluchanekileyo. Ngethamsanqa, izinga lolwazi sele kuvumela ukwenza uqikelelo echanileyo ukunxulumana nabo kunye imephu nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Ngokutsho ezaziwayo-kakuhle IsiNgesi isazi James breast, ikhalenda elanga wabonakala kweli lizwe iminyaka emakhulu emininzi phambi kokuba imbonakalo Hyksos, kodwa akazange azame ukubatshintsha kuyo. Ezi ntlobo ze khalenda kusetyenziswa njengesiseko kunyaka lemvula, ezizezi izigaba kutshintsha amaxesha onyaka, akukho ithathele ingqalelo utshintsho izigaba inyanga. Yaba indawo awazalelwa kuyo eYiputa mandulo yekhalenda elanga. Ababingeleli abaninzi ezazi kakuhle iinkwenkwezi, ixesha imbonakalo babo, babona ukuba nolwalamano olusondeleyo ngayo imizimba yasezulwini kunye ngezenzeko zendalo. Ingakumbi, baba nomdla kwizikhukula loMlambo umNayile. Amanzi yalo mlambo luyaphuphuma kweendonga zayo kwisithuba ukusuka ngoJulayi ukuya kuNovemba, ukuba kwagcwala intlambo lonke, yaye xa Neal kwakhona zibandakanyiwe kwikhondo layo, kuza ixesha lokuhlwayela. Emva kweenyanga 3-4 uyakwazi ukudubula lokuvuna, yaye ngoMatshi kwiSahara sizzling kuvuthela umoya owomileyo watshabalalisa bonke ubomi. Ngoko ke inkqubo yokubala elichanileyo.

Iziseko zokwakha kwikhalenda yamandulo umYiputa

Yonke mali yayibandakanya amaxesha amathathu: unogumbe (ahet), okt Nile ixesha konogumbe, okanye isitishi output (Peret), ngamanye amazwi ixesha xa umlambo ebuyela ngayo kuqala, yaye shoaling (uShem), okt ngoxa amanzi angaphantsi kwanala aphakathi esikhundleni emlanjeni. Iminyaka emininzi abemi baseYiputa ukuba ukwakha amadama entsonkothileyo inkqubo, imisele kunye namachibi. Kwakufuneka ukuba minkarhi hinkwayo ngendlela efanelekileyo, yaye ndizele oku kube yimfuneko ukuba ukwazi algorithm yobomi umzila iphambili kweli lizwe. Apha kwaye iluncedo nolwazi yababingeleli. Baqala ke ukuba babalise kwezikhukhula lomlambo kunye imephu zezulu yaye watyhila enye njalo. Nezikhukhula kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ikhweyitha ehlotyeni, enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba kwiiyure ekuseni esibhakabhakeni kubonakala inkwenkwezi eliqaqambileyo ukuze sibonwe nkqu ngeliso lenyama. Akusoloko ebonakalayo, nababingeleli sele uqinisekile ukuba kubonakala emva kwesithuba kweentsuku ezingama-70. Ezi zinto zimbini uvunyelwe ukudala kwixesha elitsha eYiputa yamandulo.

Cycle esekelwe umzimba wasezulwini

Ke ukuba inkcazo ikhweyitha ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, imbonakalo Sirius ephawulwe kumjikelo omtsha. Sirius okanye Sothis, njengoko bayibiza kweli lizwe, waza waba ikhalenda umthombo. Ngokusekelwe heliacal, ngamanye kokuphuma ngamaxesha lenkwenkwezi iqala unyaka omtsha yezolimo kweli lizwe. ubude bayo wayezimisele kwi-360 uze 365 kwiintsuku zokuqala. Ubalo waseYiputa wayengazi iminyaka omnqakathi, kodwa into enjalo kuyimfuneko ukuba ngokuchanekileyo ukubala ixesha ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, ikhalenda waseYiputa qho emva kweminyaka emine Sothis ukuphuma yalibaziseka Usuku olu-1. KuloMgabuli unyaka ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-12, nganye leyo iintsuku ezingama-30. Le veki yahlulwe ngokwentsuku ezi- 10, usuku iiyure ezili-10. Phakathi kweyure amaYiputa amandulo imizuzu 100 kunye imizuzu 100 kwimizuzwana. Ngaloo ndlela ke iintsuku 360. Iintsuku ezintlanu eseleyo incamathele kuyo nayiphi na kwiinyanga. Ke yabhiyozelwa ekupheleni kwenyanga ephelileyo njengoko lokuzalwa uOsiris, Horus, uSete, Isis, Nephthys.

ikhalenda bedinga kwaye lilinge lokuqala ukuguqula kuyo

Abemi Valley iNile echumayo yanelisekile ukuba iiholide kunye ukuwa ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo sicatshulwa kwexesha. Bona olumtyibilizi kunye nokunikezelwa ngendlela eyiyo abemi ababehlonela uThixo, ngaloo ndlela abangcwalisiweyo wonke unyaka. ngonyaka umYiputa, kuvela, ebhadula, kodwa namarhataa abazange bazame ingananwa, phezu koko, ngamnye kubo bezise isithembiso esinyanisekileyo ukuba zingaphazamisani ngethuba lonyaka wekhalenda. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i Hyksos abalawuli eYiputa yamandulo baye bazama ukutshintsha, oko kwabangela ukuba nimkrokrele nkqi abantu, kodwa ke abantu ngokwelo Ukuhlasela ngamandla. Noko ke, emva kokuba lwekhalenda ukugxothwa ibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye zonke intuthuko Hyksos basuswe. Iintsuku, iinyanga kunye neminyaka zibonakaliswe ngamanani. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-maxesha waseYiputa yamandulo babengazi yobudala ezinzileyo, ngeminyaka, kwaqhutywa ukususela ekuqaleni kobukumkani uFaro elandelayo. Kodwa wasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo ekuqaleni konyaka omtsha, liwa ngoAgasti 29 ukuya kwikhalenda yale mihla.

ngqi ikhalenda Igama

Ngaphandle kokuba iinyanga ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswe ngamanani, ngamnye igama layo. Baye zanikezelwa ethile isithixo. Angaphambi ekuqaleni iNyanga konyaka omnye, ogama lakhe behlonipha uthixo kwenyanga, ngoko bahamba ngenyanga Faofi, ngoko walandela Atir imbeko uthixokazi Hathor, Hoyyak waqhagamshelana amakhosi Pharaonic, Tibi imbeko uthixo Khnum, uMeyire sanikezelwa uthixo eyoyikekayo Montu, Famenot ezinxulumene Amenophis, Farmuti lunikezelwa uthixokazi Ermuti, Pahon imbeko uthixo Khonsu, i Piney ogama emva Nile entilini, epiphyte kunye Mesori azinikele imbonakalo kwelanga. Eziseleyo iintsuku ezintlanu yongezwe kwikhalenda kamva abaziwa njengokuba igama lesiGrike epagomeny, ie iintsuku sverhgodichnye. lag Ikhalenda ingasombululwa ngokufaka imini enye qho emva kweminyaka emine, kodwa uFaro ngeenkani ngoyaba oko. Kungenzeka, oku kubangelwe iinkolelo zonqulo, ngoko nenkqubo ehlaziyiweyo ye maxesha Hyksos eYiputa yamandulo akazange athathe.

A iinzame yesibini ukutshintsha maxesha eYiputa yamandulo

Imizamo ukutshintsha khalenda zenziwa kuphela zizizwe zalapho le Hyksos. Noko ke, oku kwenziwa kamva, ngexesha lika yamaGrike Ptolemaic ubukhosi. NoFaro yesithathu kumaqabane ka Aleksandra Velikogo inzala wazama ukutshintsha maxesha waseYiputa yamandulo. Ngokukodwa, oko kuchazwa kwi "Kanopskom ummiselo." Ngowe-1866 xa kwakusembiwa kwafunyanwa i slab ilitye apho yaseYiputa ulwimi isiGrike kuye kwabhalwa umyalelo kaFaro Evergeta ukwenza utshintsho kwikhalenda. Ngoko kwabonakala ngumnyaka omnqakathi, leyo kuthiwa ukusombulula ingxaki ukusilela ngeenkwenkwezi. Nangona olu tshintsho ayenziwanga kweli lizwe, kwakukho impazamo ekuqaleni, endaweni ukongeza imini enye qho emva kweminyaka emine, kuba kwenziwa qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. Oku kuye kwabachaphazela nokuchaneka kunye imposiso waqaphela kwiminyaka kuphela emva 48.

ikhalenda Alexandria

ummiselo kaFaro iyalela ukuqaliswa konyaka omnqakathi, kwaye sele azichazwanga ebomini. Ukuba bonke-indawo enye, ngoko ke ngonyaka ukuba yayimikhulu iintsuku 365.25, yaye esondele kumanani ngeenkwenkwezi. A ezama wesithathu ukutshintsha maxesha eYiputa yamandulo kuye kwenziwa sele ngamaRoma. Ekubeni bahlula lizwe, kodwa phantse ngokukhawuleza inguquko wekhalenda. Ngoko ke, emva kweminyaka emine kukho imfuneko ngenye imini, kodwa yonke iminyaka sitsibe umyalelo-ukutshintsha latshintshwa kunokuba Amasiko eRoma. ikhalenda Alexandria ehlalisana Julian ngokunxuseneyo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-1500.

Inkqubo maxesha eYiputa yamandulo njengoko kakhulu lula futhi

Inkqubo maxesha eYiputa yamandulo wayesazi lukhulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo babale iminyaka. Noko ke, ukuthandwa omkhulu ngayo eAmsterdam ikhalenda elanga. Ngokutsho likaHerodotus, yaba ikhalenda kakhulu elula Ukugunda e kwihlabathi lamandulo. Umsebenzi osemva, leyo wawuqhutywa, akazange nzima ubomi amaYiputa. Mhlawumbi xa kukho imfuneko yokwenene oku, ngoko loo mini kungenzeka ukuba avele kwi khalenda ngokusekelwe nababingeleli uphononongo olude baqiniseka ukuba kwiintsuku ezingama- 365.25 kwakhona ingqinelana ukuba isithuba phakathi izikhukula ezimbini zeNayile. Bafumanisa ukuba kwiminyaka kanye 130 ngomkhukula ekuphumeni noko Sothis uwa suku ngaphambili, ngoko mhlawumbi ndazityeshela ngqo ngeenkwenkwezi ngenxa lula nokuba lula. Enoba lwalunjani, imilinganiselo yamandulo kwikhalenda yaseYiputa wabeka ekuqulunqeni neekhalenda waza waba sisiseko kangcono le khalenda elanga.