Imbali ye computer kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo

Iikhompyutha yokuqala ukuvela emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, xa kuvulwe zezibalo kunye nezinye izazinzulu ziye bavunyelwe ukuba bayile indlela entsha ufunda ulwazi. Nangona namhlanje aba matshini zibonakala nezinto ezingaqhelekanga, bona baba lusungulo yomntu mihla esitalatweni PC njengesiqhelo.

Manchester "Mark I" kunye EDSAC

Ikhompyutha yokuqala ngengqiqo mihla eli gama liye laba isixhobo "Mark I", sidalwe 1949. yokuvelela lwayo amanga neqiniso ukuba elektroniki ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwinkumbulo yakhe igcina inkqubo. Le mpumelelo leengcaphephe baseBritani yaba nesiqalo elikhulu kwimbali elide kuphuhliso kweekhompyutha. Manchester "Mark I 'sele Williams ityhubhu namagubu owahluke ngokwemvelo, apho wakhonza yokugcina ye data.

Namhlanje, kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ibali nokudalwa ikhompyutha yokuqala ukubangela mpikiswano. Umbuzo edala usahleli, yiyiphi uhlobo bomashini kubizwa ikhompyutha yokuqala. Manchester "Mark I" uhlala uguqulelo kakhulu ethandwa, nangona kukho ezinye contenders. Omnye wabo - EDSAC. imbali ukuvela kukuyilwa njenge ikhompyutha iya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kulo matshini. Ukuba i "Mark" wabonakala Manchester, izazinzulu wadala imikhosi EDSAC kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Le khompyutha wayethunywe ngoMeyi 1949. Emva koko, inkqubo kuqala lwenziwa kulo, nto leyo esakhiwe isikweri inani-0 ukuya kwi-99.

Z4

Manchester "Mark I" kunye EDSAC zilungiselelwe iinkqubo ezithile. Inyathelo elilandelayo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni iikhompyutha uye waba Z4. Not ubuncinane, isixhobo kwakukhona ibali ngokuphawulekayo indalo. Le khompyutha kwayilwa injineli waseJamani uKonrad Zuse. Umsebenzi kule projekthi yaqala kwi lokugqibela kwinqanaba kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Le nyaniso lancipha kakhulu phantsi le nophuhliso. yatshatyalaliswa Laboratory Zuse ngexesha ugqogqo ngu moya yotshaba. Kunye oko kulahlekileyo zonke izixhobo kunye neziphumo yokuqala yomsebenzi ixesha elide.

Kodwa injineli onesiphiwo akazange anikezele. Manufacturing waqhubeka emva kokuqala yehlabathi. Ngowe-1950, ekugqibeleni yagqitywa le projekthi. Long olunameva yaba ibali indalo yayo. Computer nangoko abanomdla ETH. Wathenga imoto. Z4 iingcali abanomdla beneentshukumisa ezimbi. Le khompyutha lokwakha iphela, oko kukuthi, lo isixhobo lokuqala multi-umsebenzi olu hlobo.

Ukuvela iikhompyutha Soviet electronic

In okufanayo 1950 imbali iikhompyutha eSoviet Union yabalasela kwisiganeko ebaluleke kangako. umatshini encinane computing electronic - SECM wadalwa kwi Kiev Institute of Electrical Engineering. Wayesebenza kwi projekthi iqela zezazinzulu Soviet elikhokelwa Academician Sergei Lebedev.

Icebo lo matshini kuquka amawaka amathandathu iiglowubhu ukukhanya. obunamandla ikuvumela ukuba uthathe phezu imisebenzi bezikhethwe kokudlulileyo angazange ubuciko eSoviet. Isixhobo yesibini akwazi ukwenza malunga namawaka amathathu imisebenzi.

uhle yorhwebo

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala kwiikhompyutha zabo zophuhliso ababandakanyekayo Iingcali ezivela kwiiyunivesithi okanye ezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente. Ngowe-1951, kwakukho Leo I model, wadala yinkampani yotyalo British eLyons labucala Company, umnini zokutyela kunye neevenkile. Ekubeni le imbali yesixhobo iikhompyutha lifikelele esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo. Leo I ezisetyenziselwa ukusebenza data zorhwebo kuqala. nokuma kwawo yayifana isakhiwo iingcamango EDSAC siphu-.

Yokuqala zorhwebo ikhompyutha waseMelika i UNIVAC I. Wavela efanayo-1951. Total wathengisa emashumi mane anesithandathu kwezi modeli, ixabiso nganye yayo kwizigidi zeerandi. Omnye wabo eyasetyenziswa kwi-Census. Icebo ibe ngaphezulu kwe amawaka amahlanu kwimibhobho cleaner. Njengoko eendaba esetyenziswa kumgca nokubambezeleka of mercury. Omnye wabo ukuba igcinwe ukuya iwaka amagama. Xa ekuphuhliseni UNIVAC mna, kwagqitywa ekubeni bashiye ikhadi punch kwaye yiya kwi tape metallized. Ngoncedo lwe sixhobo eqhagamshelwe kwisixokelelwano yokugcina yorhwebo.

"Arrow"

Kusenjalo, iikhompyutha Soviet elektroniki waba imbali wendalo. Ikhompyutha "Strela", owayebonakele ngowe-1953, waba isixhobo yokuqala enjalo serial kwi USSR. Le ezintsha yaveliswa kwi-Moscow koomatshini izityalo accounting. Iminyaka emithathu imveliso iisampulu ezisibhozo zenziwe. Aba matshini ezizodwa ziye kufakwa kwi-Academy of Sciences, eMoscow State University kunye ofisi yoyilo ibekwe emizini ezivaliweyo.

"Ogobele" ukwenza 2-3 amawaka imisebenzi ngomzuzu. Kuba zombane zasekhaya ukuba amanani irekhodi. Idatha egcinwe kwi tape magnetic, leyo ihlala ukuya amawaka 200 amagama. izixhobo Developers zanikwa i Prize Stalin. UMyili Chief kaYuri Bazilevsky waba uHero Socialist Yabasebenzi.

Isizukulwana yesibini iikhompyutha

Ngowe-1947 wenza transistors. Ngasekupheleni nenani-50. baye bafaka amandla-ukutya kunye nezibane noxhamla ubuncwane. Nokufika transistors kumashini computer yaqalisa imbali entsha ngendalo. Iikhompyutha ukufumana ezi iindawo ezintsha kamva ithathwa njengokuba imifuziselo-isizukulwana yesibini. I ezintsha eziphambili kukuba iibhodi zeesekethe olushicilelweyo transistors bavumelekile ukuba amathuba ubungakanani iikhompyutha, le nto beye baba kakhulu eluncedo ngakumbi lula.

Ukuba phambi kokuba ikhompyutha abahlala amagumbi lonke, ke ngoku azezi olinganise leedesika ofisi. Ezifana umzekelo, kwaba umfuziselo IBM 650. Kodwa transistors azivumelekanga enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo. Iikhompyutha ayekhona zibiza kakhulu, ngenxa leyo kwenziwa kuphela lokwenza ii-odolo kwiiyunivesithi, iinkampani ezinkulu okanye oorhulumente.

kwemvelo Olunye computer

Ngowe-1959, wenza sekethe ehlangeneyo. Ke aphawula ukuqala besesithathu isizukulwana kweekhompyutha. 1960. Babegxeka ye computer. imveliso yawo kunye nokuthengiswa anda kakhulu. Ngenxa kwiindawo ezintsha isixhobo baba nakho kwaba lula ngakumbi, nangona kunjalo azikhange ezenziwe. Inkoliso yezi iikhompyutha yathengwa ziinkampani.

Ngowe-1971, Intel abaphuhlisi baye bakhululwa emarikeni kwabonakala yavulel ngonaphakade yokuqala Intel 4004. Ngenxa nakwesesine isizukulwana iikhompyutha. Micro-iinkqubo ukuba eminye imiba ebalulekileyo phambi kokuba ezimela nasiphi na isixhobo ikhompyutha. Omnye umba owenza yonke imisebenzi ubhalo nasekubaleni, abebalwa yi ikhowudi lweenkobe. Ngaphambi koku ukufunyanwa, lo msebenzi waba phezu iseti izinto ezincinane. Inkangeleko yenxenye jikelele kuphela yaba kuzalwa kuphuhliso kwiikhompyutha zabo zasemakhaya encinane.

computer

Ngowe-1977, inkampani Apple, eyasekwa yi-Steve Jobs, yaqalisa ihlabathi kumfuziselo Apple II. umahluko wayo angundoqo nakweyiphi ikhompyutha ophelileyo kukuba ifowuni yinkampani oselula California okuthengiswayo kubemmi nje abaqhelekileyo. Oko kwaba intuthuko, apho de kutshanje yayibonakala nje engaziwa. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa imbali isizukulwana computer kweekhompyutha zobuqu. New kwemfuno ukuya ku 90. Ngeli xesha, loo nto wathengisa abamalunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe iiyunithi, nto leyo ingxelo ngokupheleleyo ngelo xesha.

Landela imifuziselo Apple abe ujongano ekhethekileyo lomzobo, abasebenzisi eziqhelekileyo wesimanje yezitshixo kunye nezinye izinto eziluyilo ezininzi. Zonke efanayo Stiv Dzhobs wenza nje computer mouse ethandwayo. Ngowe-1984 Wayisondeza umfuziselo yakhe yimpumelelo Macintosh, yaqala yonke uluhlu, ezikhoyo namhlanje. Uninzi kwesayensi iinjineli kunye nabakhi Apple waba sisiseko iikhompyutha namhlanje likaThixo, yenziwa kuquka nabanye abenzi.

uphuhliso lwasekhaya

Ngenxa yokuba zonke kwesayensi enxulumene iikhompyutha, kwelo West, imbali indalo wahlala emthunzini sempumelelo langaphandle lweekhompyutha eRashiya kunye USSR. Kwakunxibelelene kukuba uphuhliso koomatshini ezinjalo olawulwa ngurhulumente, ngelixa eYurophu kunye nephulo United States ngcembe ocande ezandleni neenkampani zabucala.

Ngowe-1964 wokuqala eSoviet semiconductor ikhompyutha "Snow" yaye "Spring". Xa nenani-1970. "Elbrus" iikhompyutha zisetyenziswe kwishishini wokhuselo lo. Bathi esetyenziswa kwindlela olwa-enomjukujelwa zokhuselo kunye namaziko yenyukliya.