Ngubani na lo satrap? Intsingiselo yegama elithi. Ngubani kumaxesha amandulo kwathiwa iirhuluneli?

Ke kaloku akakho umntu weva umntu xa kuthiwa satrap, amava iyamangalisa. Kungenzeka, abantu baya kucinga izenzo ezimbi umntu, asigwebe. Kodwa kukho amaxesha xa aspired ukuba abe satrap, bandibekayo njengoko nembeko enkulu. Ngubani lo satrap? Ntoni eli gama kanye ngoku, yaye oko kwakuthetha ngaphambili?

Le etymology lo gama

Imvelaphi elithi "satrap" liye ukutolika eziliqela. NgesiGrike yamandulo, ezahlukeneyo kancinane ukusuka mihla, «σατράπης» - lo umntu osisityebi, irhuluneli yomphathi basePersi. Yintoni ukwazi na, eGrisi kwaye ngoku abanye abazali banike abantwana babo igama Satrapis. Ngoko kakhulu ke ilizwi kulwimi Iranian. Apho kuvakala ngathi khshatrapâ. NamaPersi amandulo xšaθrapāvan (kshathrapavan) iquka amagama amabini - «kshathra», okuthetha ubukumkani, yaye «pavan», ie nomkhuseli ... Kubonakala, a satrap e Old - welungelo ubukumkani. Kukho nenye ingcaciso ngenxa engaqhelekanga, yintoni ukuthini igama elithi "satrap". ingcambu olwimi "wahlala" - oku kwenziwa, umzimba yonke, ubukho, kwaye intsingiselo - inyaniso, ukukhanya, ukuze kuyo ubomi uguquguquka. "Ra" - kuyanceda. Kulo mzekelo, Sat-Ra-P iya licaciswe ngokuthi "inyaniso yokunyathela ukukhanya".

Abathetheli nabaziirhuluneli

Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga ngubani satrap, kufuneka ucinge emva yamandulo wasePersi. Le meko kanye enamandla kakhulu ngoku ebizwa Iran. Ngomhla wama-558 ukuya-330 kunyaka we- BC, eli lizwe yayilawulwa i Achaemenids. Bona badumileyo ngenxa ubutshantliziyo wabo, badla wahlasela namazwe angabamelwane kwaye akwazi ukoyisa uninzi lwabo. Media, uLidiya, Bactria, Nubia, Colchis, eThrace, kunye nabanye abaninzi baba yinxalenye uBukhosi basePersi. Kakade ke, ukulawula elingako ummandla omnye umntu, nkqu eyona inamandla, kwakunzima. Ngoko ke, uDariyo mna, owayelawula ngelo xesha, liqalise inkqubo entsha yolawulo loburhulumente. yonke indawo kweli lizwe, wababela zibe kwimimandla - satrapies, nganye ethe zawahlela kunyanzeleka ahlawule kwakhe emnika imirhumo. Wayesongamela nokuqokelelwa irhafu kunye ukugcina ucwangco kummandla baphathiswe kubo iirhuluneli. Kucacile ukuba abantu nohlonipheke kakhulu, ngowokuqala emva kokumkani.

Amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi neerhuluneli

Yiba satrap ngaloo mihla njengento ubabalo enkulu yimpumelelo enkulu. I waqeshwa kwesi sithuba buqu, uDariyo mna, ngokukhetha abaviwa phakathi kwezihlobo okanye amalungu osapho yezikhulu wenkundla. I ekhethiweyo enkosi oothixo ukuba, njengokuba ngoku ngaphansi kwakhe ukuthobela ngokoqobo yonke into ukusuka kwikhoboka lokugqibela ukuya gosa liphezulu. Satrap elawulwa nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu, ukuba iliso isiqulatho bomkhosi, umgwebi njengowongamileyo wathetha, okt unelungelo lokohlwaya Xolela. Ude ukuba imali Mint. Ukuba sicinga ukuba kwimicimbi yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle ke satrapies ukumkani akazange angenelele, size sivumele ukuba balwe omnye ukuqonda, singakwazi yintoni na satrap, yaye ngubani na ukuba abasebenzi abaphantsi kwakhe. Into nje kuphela amandla akhe - i iinkampu yokumkani, phantsi kuphela kukumkani. Oku kwenziwa abathetheli musa ukuzama ukufuna ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo satrapies yayo. Ukuziqhelisa, ulawulo iikampu ingxelo Tsar ukuze iirhuluneli, yaye, bona, ikampu zobunkokeli. Ngoko ke ukumkani kunye nemisebenzi kweliso kunye nabanye.

Ngaphansi phantsi ubunzima ukuphanga olungaphezu

Irhafu ebekwa uDariyo I, Bundisinda njengomthwalo onzima wawa phezu emagxeni abantu oyiswe. Umhlaba otyebileyo asuswe kubo waza wanika ngabafo wasePersi, apho kungekho yerhafu ihlawulwe. Bonke abanye kwafuneka ukunika rhoqo ukumkani isixa esiqingqiweyo ngqo, ibalwe ngokwendlela wenzala ixabiso ezweni labo. Irhafu ihlawuliswa nokuba amabandla. Kamva saqalisa ukuqokelela irhafu nesiliva. inombolo yakhe kananjalo abhalwe ngokungqongqo. Abo iirhuluneli on intsimi yakhe kwakungekho kwimigodi zesilivere, kwafuneka ukuba uthenge metal anqabileyo. Nale ukuziphatha bemicimbi karhulumente woyisa kaninzi yenza uvukelo. Le mvukelo kakhulu kwenzeka ngo-373 BC, xa ukumkani waya kwiindawo ezininzi. Bona ngokuxhaswa amaYiputa kwanamaGrike. UArtashashta II, ngoko iPersi, wakwazi ukuba iphelise loo mvukelo kuphela kunyaka 359. Esi sisiganeko ezimbalini ichaza kakuhle ukuba yintoni satrap, yaye ninamandla amakhulu, ophethwe abantu kulo ndawo.

Le satrap idumileyo Persian

Ngoku kukho iyunithi abaziyo ngubani satrap Harpagos. Kodwa ke irhuluneli wokuqala kakumkani, apho kukho ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Le ndoda wabhala yekaHerodotus, igama lakhe ekhankanywe iintsomi, nebali wakhe waba inzululwazi fiction uthotho amabali nguPawulos Anders "ixesha patrol". Harpagos, xa kwinkonzo Astyages ukumkani, wayalelwa ukuba ukubulala unyana usana ka Mandana, intombi yokumkani bamaKaledi. I Oracle kwangaphambili ukuba lo mntwana wayeza kuba esiza umphathi weli hlabathi, yaye Astyages ndixambulisana kwekamva. Harpagos, engafuni ukwenza buqu ntsana, wanika itakane ngumalusi ogama Mithridates. Wamsa nayo ekhaya. umfazi Mithridates wamnika nje wazala umntwana ufile, yaye watyala endaweni yokumkani nesikhulu wazithabatha. baby Dead Mithridates wathabatha Harpagos, abazixeláyo kukumkani malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe-odolo. Ngoko ke, lo mntwana, owathi kamva uKoreshi Omkhulu, wayesaphila. Kamva, Astyages wafunda nenkohliso njengoko sisohlwayo sokungathobeli wondla Harpagos inyama yonyana wakhe. Harpagos revenge ngenkohlakalo ngokukhokela imvukelo nxamnye nokumkani kwaye susa ke etroneni.

Okunye abulele famous

Omnye satrap, abashiya uphawu ebalulekileyo kwimbali - esendaweni I. Malunga yena wabhala Plutarch, Demosthenes, UDiodorus kunye nabanye. Esendaweni Ndaba satrap Armenia. Uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wavusa abantu ukuvukela nxamnye nokumkani, wafuna ukuzimela eArmenia, walwa nokumkani eSipro. Igama lakhe lomlambo, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba Typhon. Ukongeza, mna, esendaweni esendaweni II kayisemkhulu zomthonyama, ukusuka apho ozelwe Orontidov eArmenia.

Namafutha aqholiweyo esese satrap abalawula yelaseKiliki, eSiriya, emazweni kwaSirayeli neLebhanon. Endzhakunyana ngaphansi kwakhe ezihlonyelwe kwelaseMakedoni. Xa asePersi woyisa uAleksandr Makedonsky, namafutha waba satrap waseBhabheli. Wabanika amaRoma umzi ngaphandle umlo, kuba, akayi wahlala apho kuphela kwizithuba ezifanayo, kodwa efunyenwe Aleksandra Makedonskogo imvume ukushicilela iingqekembe zalo, eziye evinjwa ezinye iinkosana. Intsingiselo ngoku ngamanye amaxesha evakalayo njengoko abalawuli ithi leyo zisekelwe kweli lizwe enamandla ngakumbi.

Abulele tsarist Russia

Abulele kumaxesha amandulo kwathiwa nakubagcini karhulumente. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo gama laziwa. Kungenzeka ke, umzekeliso kumabamba yamandulo basePersi yobukumkani, Uhlaze abantu irhafu, nangona kubongozwa neenyembezi, neerhuluneli baqala ukubiza abaqokeleli berhafu in tsarist eRashiya. Kamva gama onke amanani zoluntu, iirhuluneli nabathetheli,-gingxi. Omnye wabo - Arakcheev. Wehla embalini njengento warlord nongenanceba kakhulu, ukuba bahlasele amajoni ukubaqhelisa, Fruntov kunye nesohlwayo emzimbeni. Kwakukho inkohlakalo elide elitsha - Arakcheyev. Amandulo asePersi, njengoko ingeyiyo yonke into iirhuluneli ezahlukeneyo sengqondo abangcwele. Kukho ubungqina, njengoko ukubulala ukumkani uDariyo III. Waye satrap ka eArmenia, kodwa ngenxa yokuba akukho bani unako ukuthatha izintso yelizwe weBhodi, wathabatha itrone asebukhosini. Ukutyhubela iminyaka 6 ayiphelelanga yena wangcatshwa wagetyengwa ngolunyakazi ezinye iinkosana. Ekubeni waququzelela iyelenqe, zambamba uDariyo III, kwabona amanxeba nangezikhali ezininzi yaye ziyafa endleleni. Kuyamangalisa ukuba inkokeli nabavukeli ogama Bess.

abulele modernity

Emva abaphathi bazilindele Tsarist Russia neerhuluneli baqala ukubiza kwiBolsheviks lowo wenziwe ingcinezelo ngokuchasene abemi elinonokazi; wadubula intsapho yasebukhosini, nkqu nabantwana. bamise Zibizwe Stalin, Beria, uHitler, bonke abo bazinikele yaye wenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye noluntu. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kwi ncwadi. Ngokomzekelo, kutshanje kukho inoveli omtsha journalistic uY Udovenko "iirhuluneli uSathana, 'apho umbhali uchaza iziganeko kwenzeka ngokufihla mthetho ezahlukeneyo abasemagunyeni eRashiya, elifumileyo kwizikhundla eziphezulu kwamandla karhulumente. Enye incwadi - "Nyana satrap" - ezibhalwe Anri Truayya. iyelenqe yalo isekelwe phezu memoirs lombhali lobuntwana bakhe.