Crystal emkhusaneni kunye ntlobo zalo ezisisiseko

Ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na into yemichiza ukuba ukho kwindalo, ukhandwa inani elikhulu amasuntswana ezifanayo eziqhagamshelwe kunye. Yonke into ikhona kumazwe ezintathu udibaniso: sukube, ulwelo kunye aqinileyo. Xa nzima motion thermal (kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi) kwakunye na eziqinileyo amasuntswana ibonakaliswa ukusuka phezulu ukuya ongaziqukiyo yena emajukujukwini, nto leyo ebonakaliswa umbutho ngqo zesakhiwo.

Lokusebenzisa emkhusaneni ukwimo - yesakhiwo kunye ilungiselelo geometrically oda amasuntswana (athom, iimolekyuli okanye ion) e neendawo ezithile indawo. Ezi gratings ezahlukene indawo inter-esiludumbo eziBekekileyo kunye kwamiliselwa iiprojekthi ngqo - indawo apho amasuntswana ngokwabo afumaneka.

Le crystal Ilibele ke ntlobo ezine: ebuntsimbi, eziphilayo, atom, ionic. Iintlobo amaqoqo azimisele ngokohlobo bamasuntswana, zilahlwa kwiindawo zabo kwakunye nohlobo unxulumano phakathi kwabo.

Le crystal emkhusaneni kuthiwa eziphilayo mzekelo, ukuba molecule ezicwangciswe kwiindawo zawo. Bona ezinxulumene yimikhosi aphakathi alomelelanga, ebizwa van der Waals, kodwa bona atom ngaphakathi molecule zihlangene kakhulu ngakumbi covalent bond (polar okanye nonpolar). Ezinto crystal emkhusaneni uphawu chlorine, hydrogen eziqinileyo, icarbon dioxide kunye nezinye izinto ezithi sukube kwiqondo lobushushu eqhelekileyo.

Le ziikristale ngayiphi indlela iigesi amanene, nazo kwenqwanqwa molekyuli eziquka iimolekyuli monohydric. Uninzi organic izinto eziqinileyo ngqo ezinto ezinjalo. Inani izinto ezingaphiliyo, nto leyo isakhiwo abayinqobo eziphilayo, incinci kakhulu. Oku, umzekelo, hydrogen halides eqinileyo, isalfure zendalo, umkhenkce, izinto eziqinileyo ezilula kunye nabanye.

Xa itshiswa, iibhondi alomelelanga aphakathi baphuke lula ngokufanelekileyo, ngoko kukho into kunye gratings ezinjalo indawo yokunyibilika ephantsi kakhulu, nobulukhuni ephantsi, ukuba ezingenakunyibilika okanye ngokonga enyibilikayo emanzini, izisombululo ze kakhulu non-conductive, esibonakala hexa omkhulu. Ubuncinane okubila nawokunyibilika ubushushu - izinto ze iimolekyuli nonpolar.

metal ebizwa ezinjalo akhazimlayo emkhusaneni benziwa leyo kwamiliselwa iiprojekthi athom kunye ion HIV (ukuse-) loMthetho yentsimbi electron Valence mahala (unhooked evela atom ngexesha lokusekwa ion) ngokungakhethiyo lihamba kwi yikristale isambuku. Nangona kunjalo, ezi electron makhulu semi-free, kuba angahamba ngenkululeko kuphela oko okumenza le crystal ngekroba.

elektroni Electrostatic kunye ion ezintle zesinyithi bathanda ngokufanayo, ezichaza uzinzo emkhusaneni yesinyithi. Ukuqokelelwa kwe elektroni ezamahala-ihamba ebizwa igesi electron - kunika zombane kunye elungileyo conductivity thermal zesinyithi. Xa i elektroni zikagesi bagxalathelane ukuya kwisuntswana HIV abathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni umsinga wombane nokusebenzelana ion.

Metal crystal emkhusaneni luphawu ikakhulu ngenxa iintsimbi iziqalelo kunye nemixube zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo omnye komnye. Mihlaba ezisisiseko ezendeleyo ziikristale ebuntsimbi (amandla ngomatshini, hexa, ubushushu ukunyibilikisa), iyahluka kunokuba ngamandla. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu zomzimba ezifana ductility, malleability, conductivity ophezulu umbane kunye thermal, into ebuntsimbi ayenechaphothi uphawu abayinqobo ziikristale kuphela kuphela ye efestileni yesinyithi.