Graphene kunye nesicelo yayo. Ukufunyanwa graphene. By kutshanje

Kuthelekiswa kutshanje in Science and Technology indawo entsha, ebizwa By. Namathemba olu qeqesho nje enkulu. They are udumo. Kwisuntswana, obizwa ngokuba "nano" lixabiso elilingana ukuya kwenye sewaka nakwiqhezu naliphi na inani. Ezi ubungakanani kungenziwa kuthelekiswa kuphela ubungakanani athom kunye iimolekyuli. Ngokomzekelo, omnye nanometer ubizwa-sewaka omnye semitha.

Eyona kwicala intsimi entsha inzululwazi

By wabiza abo ukuxhaphaza mbandela kwinqanaba iimolekyuli kunye atom. Ngoko ke, le ndawo inzululwazi ukwabizwa ngokuba ubuchwepheshe eziphilayo. Yintoni umfutho kuphuhliso lwayo? kuye kwabonakala enkosi iintetho By ehlabathini namhlanje Richarda Feynmana. Kulo sisazinzulu iye yabonisa ukuba akukho miqobo ekudaleni izinto ngqo ukusuka atom.

Kuthethwa ukuze zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo amasuntswana amancinane ekuthiwa assembler. Le umatshini eziphilayo, enokusetyenziselwa ukwakha nasiphi na isakhiwo. Hi xikombiso, le assembler ingabizwa ribosome zendalo synthesizing a iiprothini eziphilayo.

By kutshanje azikho nje kwindawo enye nobuchule. Bamele umda olubanzi uphando olunxulumene ngqo inzululwazi abalulekileyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho physics, neyezinto eziphilayo. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ezi Sciences ziya kuba ngamandla kakhulu ezinamandla kuphuhliso sizoku lwisana oluzayo revolution nanotech.

enkulu isicelo

Dwelisa zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, apho kusetyenziswa By namhlanje, akunakwenzeka ngenxa uluhlu omhle kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngoncedo eli candelo nesayensi ziveliswa:

- izixhobo ukurekhoda superdense naluphi na ulwazi;
- ezahlukeneyo izixhobo;
- abenzi boluvo, iiseli solar, transistors semiconductor;
- ulwazi, ikhompyutha kunye nobuchwepheshe ulwazi;
- nanoimprint kunye nanolithography;
- izixhobo ukugcina amandla, kunye neeseli zamafutha;
- izicelo zokhuselo, isithuba kunye eyama;
- bioinstrumentary.

Kulo mhlaba lwenzululwazi By eRashiya, USA, Japan kunye kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu inkxaso yabelwa kunyaka ngamnye. Oku kungenxa amathuba amaninzi uphuhliso kule nkalo yophando.

By iyakhula eRashiya ngokutsho inkqubo ekujoliswe Federal, ebonelela iindleko zemali enkulu nje kuphela, kodwa bethwele isixa esikhulu loyilo kunye nophando imisebenzi. Ukufezekisa iinjongo uza yokuhlanganisa imigudu iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi zobugcisa kwinqanaba beenkampani yesizwe yabantu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo.

izinto ezintsha

By ziye zanceda izazinzulu ukuvelisa ipleyiti carbon nzima ngaphezu diamond kabani ubukhulu ngomnye kuphela atom. Ifaka graphene. Yeyona izinto thinnest kwaye yomeleleyo yonke, adlulisele umbane kakhulu ngaphezu sizifake computer.

Ukufunyanwa graphene sisiganeko yokwenene revolution, nto leyo eza kuvumela utshintsho olukhulu ebomini bethu. Le nto iipropati ezahlukeneyo ukuze emzimbeni oku kuyitshintsha ngokwesiseko esidala izinto kunye nezinto.

History of izovela

Graphene yi crystal onamacala amabini. isakhiwo yawo efestileni ezinamacala eliquka athom carbon. izifundo yeengcingane graphene yaqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba yoyilo bakhe bokwenene, ekubeni le nto sisiseko ngolwakhiwo grafayithi crystal-ntathu.

Naxa 1947 G. P. Volles ukuba ezinye iimpawu graphene, ebonakalalisa ukuba isakhiwo sayo izinyithi ezifanayo, yaye ezinye iimpawu ezifana nezo amasuntswana ultra-relativistic, neutrinos kunye ziluhlaza massless. Noko ke, izinto ezintsha kukho umahluko ezithile ezibalulekileyo ezenza kube ekhethekileyo ubume bayo. Kodwa isiqinisekiso le miphumela Kwafunyanwa kuphela ngo-2004, xa uKonstantin Novoselov kunye Andrey Geim yaqala afunyenwe carbon sikarhulumente free. Le into entsha kuthiwa graphene, waye izazinzulu sophando olukhulu. Fumana le nto kunokuba ngepensile. intonga yayo grafayithi yenziwe lamanqanaba ezininzi graphene. Ingaba ngepensile eshiya njani uphawu ephepheni? Inyaniso kukuba, nangona amandla macandelo angundoqo ezi zoleko, kukho unxibelelwano ebuthathaka kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Kulula kakhulu ukuba kuwa wadibana ephepheni, kusale umzila ngokubhaliweyo.

Ukusebenzisa izinto ezintsha

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, nabenzi boluvo ababanikezelayo zisekelwe graphene, bakwazi ukuhlalutya amandla kunye nemeko moya, kwakunye ukuqikelela neenyikima. Kodwa kuphela xa izinto kunye propati kuya kushiya iilebhu eludongeni mihle kucaca isicelo ziya kubakho kwicala kweziyobisi. E langoku imini, ekhemisi, zesayensi kunye iinjineli zombane sele enomdla izakhono ezizodwa graphene. Emva grams nje ezimbalwa le nto azigubungele intsimi, elingana nebala lebhola ekhatywayo.

Graphene kunye nesicelo yayo ezinokuba ingqalelo ekuveliseni Hewana ayisindi kunye moya. Kule ndawo, izinto ezitsha endaweni carbon kwi izinto ahlanganisiweyo. Kunyaka ukuze izakusetyenziswa endaweni transistors lesilicon nokuphunyezwa kwayo ngeplastiki ayinike Unikezelo lombane.

Graphene nokusetyenziswa kwayo ziqwalaselwa kwimibandela sensor ukwenziwa. Ezi zixhobo akhiwa ngokusekelwe umbandela yakutshanje baya kuba nako ukubona molecule kakhulu yingozi. Kodwa ke ukusetyenziswa Nano-emigutyeni ekuvelisweni neebhetri zombane maxa wambi ukwandisa impumelelo yabo.

Graphene kunye nesicelo yayo kuxoxwa ngazo optoelectronics. Kwezinto ezintsha ziya kuba zeplastiki ezilula kakhulu yaye yanyamezela yahlala ithuba elide apho iziqulathi kuya kuvumela iiveki ezimbalwa ukugcina ukutya.

Ukusetyenziswa graphene kwaye kulindeleke ukuba wenze i ukutyabeka conductive neselubala olufunekayo liso, iiphaneli zesola elinamandla kwaye ziyamelana yeziphumo yokugaya turbines zomoya.

nanomaterial Based uya kuba izixhobo zemidlalo ongcono, ukuxilongwa zonyango kunye supercapacitors.

Kwakhona, graphene kunye nesicelo yayo efanelekileyo ku:

- izixhobo zobuchwepheshe high-aqhelelkileyo-amandla;
- inwebu yokufakelwa eyahlula ulwelo ezimbini itanki;
- ekuphuculeni iimpawu conductivity izinto ezahlukeneyo;
- ngokudala umboniso kwi ukukhanya eziphilayo esikhupha diode;
- uphuhliso olukhawulezayo iindlela ezintsha DNA nolandelelwano;
- ukuphuculwa ulwelo crystal displays;
- transistors ballistic.

Ukusetyenziswa kweli shishini lweemoto

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, amandla ezithile osondela graphene 65 kWh / kg. Eli nani amaxesha 47 ngaphezulu kunalowo ezixhaphakileyo kangaka kule mihla iibhetri lwe Lithium-ion. Le nyaniso, izazinzulu ziye kusetyenziselwa ukwenza isizukulwana esitsha iitshaja kwebhetri.

Graphene Polymer ibhetri - ifowuni esebenzisa ngayo amandla ubuninzi zombane zigcinwa ngokufanelekileyo. Okwangoku, lo msebenzi ikhutshwa phandle abaphandi kumazwe amaninzi. inkqubela ebonakalayo azuzwe izazinzulu baseSpeyin kulo mbandela. Graphene-Polymer ibhetri, ukuba wadala umntu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, amakhulu amaxesha ngaphezu isafobe efanayo neebhetri ezikhoyo. Basebenzisa ukuze kuxhotyiswe izithuthi zombane. Lo matshini, nto leyo ifakelwe graphene ibhetri, unako ukuhamba ngaphandle ko amawaka eekhilomitha. Ukuze uyitshaje umthombo wamandla ombane xa nokudinwa kuya kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kwemizuzu-8.

touchscreens

Izazinzulu kuqhubeka ukuphonononga graphene, ukudala izinto ezintsha nanto. Ngoko ke, lo nanomaterial carbon ifumene isicelo yayo kwimveliso evelisa screens touch isikrini ngokubanzi. Eli binzana abonakale isixhobo bhetyebhetye yale hlobo.

Izazinzulu ndafumana iphepha graphene oku koxande kwimilo waza ibe electrode ngaphaya. Kwakhona iye yathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi touch screen, ukunciphisa kakhulu uqinile, elubala, ukuba bhetyebhetye, ukhathalelo lwendalo kunye nendleko eziphantsi.

ukufumana graphene

Ukususela ngo-2004, xa yalivulayo kunyaka entsha, izazinzulu ziye kakuhle iindlela eziliqela lokulungiselela yayo. Noko ke, eyona ezisisiseko ezi ndlela zithathwa:

- exfoliation mechanical;
- ukukhula epitaxial in cleaner;
- okupholisa perofaznogo umchiza (zemithambo-nkqubo).

Eyokuqala kwezi ndlela zintathu yeyona elula. imveliso graphene ne exfoliation ngoomatshini kuyinto isicelo elikhethekileyo grafayithi kumphezulu enamathelayo of enamathelayo. Emva kweli litye lesiseko, ngathi ephepheni, qala ukuba ukugoba futhi unbend, yahlukanisa umbandela ofunekayo. Xa ufaka le graphene indlela ukufumana umgangatho uphezulu. Noko ke, izenzo ezinjalo asihambelani ngobuninzi kunyaka.

Xa usebenzisa indlela yokukhula epitaxial ezisicaba lesilicon ezingcakacileyo asetyenziswa, umaleko ocacisiweyo na lesilicon khabhayithi. Ngaphezu koko, le nto itshiswe kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu (1000 K). Ngenxa ekudibaneni kwemichiza abazahlulayo ukusuka athom lesilicon-athom carbon, owokuqala kuyo aphele. Ngenxa yoko, ingxelo kuhlala graphene ecocekileyo. Engxakini le ndlela imfuneko kusetyenziswa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo kwenzeka ebudeni ukutshiswa athom carbon.

Eyona ndlela inokuthenjwa yaye elula esetyenziselwa ngobuninzi graphene, a zemithambo-nkqubo. Kuyinto indlela apho indlela yemichiza phakathi kuvala kunye ezizizembiwa iigesi yesinyithi-camera.

Kukhutshwe graphene?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inkampani enkulu, yenza nanomaterial omtsha ibekwe e China. Igama lomenzi - Ningbo Morsh Technology. imveliso graphene aqala ngo-2012.

Umboleki iphambili nanomaterial yinkampani Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene usebenzisa yona imveliso bhanyabhanya conductive ngaphaya, ezo lifakwa ukubonisa isikrini.

Kakhulu kutshanje, inkampani eyaziwayo kakuhle Nokia ukhuphe lomenzi woluvo umfanekiso. Njengenxalenye yale kakhulu-edingekayo maleko embalwa graphene enombala isixhobo element. Loo izinto ezisetyenziswa abenzi boluvo khamera kwandisa kakhulu uvakalelo lwabo (ukuya ku-1000 maxesha). Ngelo xesha lathi ukuncipha umbane. ikhamera ezilungileyo smart nazo ziya kuba graphene.

Ukulungiselela indawo yasekhaya,

Ngaba kube lula ukuvelisa graphene ekhaya? Kubonakala, ewe! Kufuneka nje ukuba ikhitshi blender umthamo esingekho ngaphantsi kwe 400 W, kwaye ulandele indlela eyenziwe yi yemvelo Irish.

aveza njani ekhaya graphene? Ukulungiselela le njongo indebe blender batyhileka 500 ml yamanzi ngokongeza 10-25 ml nayiphi isepha engamanzi kunye 20-50 iigrem isileyiti batyumke. Enye ifowuni kufuneka uqhutywe kwi imizuzu eli-10 ukuya kwengama, kude ukuvela oluludaka of kukubola graphene. Le zezinto ezithile eziziphumo iya kuba conductivity ezaziza kubavumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo i electrode iiseli elanga. Graphene kwakhona unako ukuphucula iimpawu yeplastiki ekuveliseni bume lwasekhaya.

oxide nanomaterial

Izazinzulu ngenkuthalo uphando kunye nesakhiwo graphene kangangokuba ngaphakathi okanye kungqameko umnatha carbon iqhotyoshelwe apha okanye amaqela ezisebenzayo ioksijini-equlethe (s) kwemolekyuli. Oku okuqinileyo Nano-oxide yayo imifanekiso yokuqala ezikumila kumacala mabini, nto leyo ifikelele kwinqanaba yemveliso yorhwebo. Ukususela nano- kunye microparticles le sakhiwo izazinzulu sentimitha iisampuli zaveliswa.

Ngoko ke, lo oxide graphene xa zidityaniswe ne-carbon diofilizirovannym kusanda afunyenwe oosonzululwazi base-China. Oku okulula kakhulu izinto cube sentimitha ibanjwa phezu ezinamagqabi imbali encinane. Kodwa le into entsha, apho oxide graphene yenye yezona eqinileyo ehlabathini.

izicelo GCP

oxide Graphene unalo impahla elikhethekileyo selectivity. Oku kuya kuvumela into ukufumana isicelo biomedical. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi izazinzulu kwenzeka ukusebenzisa graphene oxide ukuba isifo somhlaza. Ukubona umhlaza kusekwangoko yophuhliso yayo ukuvumela iimpawu ezizodwa enombala kwaye wombane nanomaterial.

Kwakhona oxide graphene ivumela unikezelo ekujoliswe iziyobisi kunye uxilongo. Ngenxa yale nto ke biosensors sorption, isalatha kulaa molecule DNA.

izicelo industrial

sorbents ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe oxide graphene singasebenza izinto ezinesifo dezaktsivatsii yendalo kunye ezenziwe ngumntu. A basinqumla nanomaterial esebenzayo ezinokuzisebenza komhlaba kunye namanzi komhlaba, umhlaba, ususe kwabo radionuclide.

Amacebo okucoca ukusuka graphene oxide angabonelela indawo superchistotoy, oveza amacandelo elektroniki izicelo ezizodwa. Iimpawu ezizodwa le mathiriyeli iya ukugqobhoza ibe iteknoloji entle imichiza sphere. Ngokukodwa, oku kusenokuba nezokukhupha zesinyithi radioactive esichitha-chithwe yaye kunqabile. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa graphene oxide ivumela ukuze ufumane igolide ores esezantsi-grade.