Dzheyms Dzhoul: engobomi, izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu

Inokuba kukho akukho mntu akamazi igama Dzheyms Dzhoul. Ukuvulwa zemvelo kusebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Yeyiphi indlela wayengusosayensi? Ziziphi izinto ezifunyaniswe wenza?

Ubomi yamachiza baziincamisa

NgoDisemba 24, 1818 wazalwa Dzheyms Dzhoul. physics elizayo Biography iqala kwi IsiNgesi kwidolophu Salford, usapho umnini-utshwala ngempumelelo. Boy nokufunda kweli khaya, lo gama zemvelo chemistry wayefundisa Dzhon wayeseDalton. Enkosi kuye, yamachiza IsiNgesi, yaye wamthanda nenzululwazi.

UYoweli akazange abe sempilweni entle, ixesha elininzi ixesha wahlala ekhaya, sokwezela uvavanyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye imifuniselo. Sele kwiminyaka eli-15, ngenxa yokugula kayise, kwafuneka ukulawula utshwala kunye nomzalwana wakhe. Umsebenzi efektri uyise ngayo yenza kube nzima ukuya eyunivesithi, ngoko Dzheyms Dzhoul unikwa ngokupheleleyo kwilabhoretri ekhaya.

Ukususela 1838 ukuya 1847 yamachiza ngokusebenzayo ukufunda umbane yaye impumelelo yakhe yokuqala zenzululwazi. Le Annals kwijenali of Umbane, wapapasha inqaku malunga umbane, kwaye ngo-1841 wavula umthetho omtsha emzimbeni ukuba ngoku ebizwa ngegama lakhe.

Ngowe-1847, uYoweli uqukumbela umtshato wokuqala kwaye kuphela Ameliey Grayms. Kungekudala kuzalwa elis Ameliya kunye Bendzhamin Artur. Ngowe-1854, inkosikazi kunye nonyana wam bayabulawa. Joel yena wafa ngo-1889 eNgilani, eSalem.

Kubomi bakhe bonke wapapasha malunga 97 amaphepha physics, abanye babo zibhaliwe ngentsebenziswano nabanye izazinzulu: .. Lyon, Thomson, etc. impumelelo ebalaseleyo zenzululwazi ukuvula imithetho physics, yena bawongwa iimbasa ezininzi waza wafumana ubomi umhlalaphantsi kurhulumente yaseBritani inani malunga 200 leeponti.

Imisebenzi yokuqala kunye amalinge

Okwenzeka iinjini zomphunga kwi utshwala kayise, Dzheyms Dzhoul wagqiba indawo yazo electric yokufaneleka. Ngowe-1838 wapapasha kwinqaku kwijenali yenzululwazi apho ayithethi isixhobo basungula enjinini electromagnetic. Ngowe-1840, i-utshwala, iinjini ezintsha zombane kwaye zesayensi uqhubeka ukufunda electric release yangoku kunye nobushushu. Kamva kwenzeka kakuhle kakhulu ngakumbi iinjini zomphunga baba.

Ngexesha amalinge, esiyijowule idala ithemomitha ezinokuthi ukukala amaqondo ukuba kwisithuba 1/200 ye isidanga. Oku kukuvumela ukuba sijonge isifundo isiphumo esiyijowule. Ngowe-1840, ngenxa kusakhelwa ehlala ihleli, physics ibhaqa ifuthe saturation ngemagnethi. Kulo nyaka nto uthumela ukuba iphepha Royal Society "Ngomhla Formation ubushushu ngokusebenzisa umbane." Eli nqaku ayaziswa. Papasha nivumelene kuphela Manchester yokuFunda lowu zefilosofi.

Esiyijowule-Lenz

inqaku London Scientific Society lwabhalwa kamva wazibonakalisa ukuba enye yempumelelo engundoqo sisazinzulu. Kwinqaku Dzheyms Dzhoul wathetha ngolwalamano phakathi ekhoyo kunye mali isizukulwana ubushushu. Waqiqa ngelithi imali ubushushu ukuba ngesi umqhubi kuba umlinganiselo ngqo kweelana ngumqhubi, isikweri ubukhulu kunye nexesha lokudlula yangoku.

Ngeli xesha, ithiyori onjalo kuphuhliswa Emiliy Lents. Isibakala sokuba conductivity ye umqhubi ebuntsimbi kuxhomekeke ubushushu, yamachiza Russian wafumanisa kudala 1832. Ukuze ukugqiba ngokuchanileyo ubushushu kwi sisazinzulu umqhubi wenza isikhongozeli olulodwa, nto leyo izaliswe utywala. Wire ngokusebenzisa apho langoku owaphosa isitya. Okulandelayo kugcina umkhondo wendlela utywala elide ukufudumala. Dzheyms Preskott esiyijowule wasebenzisa indlela efanayo, kodwa ulwelo usebenzisa amanzi.

Iziphumo iminyaka yophando Lenz kupapashwa kuphela ngo-1843, kodwa ke umsebenzi wakhe izifundo zenzululwazi echanileyo ngaphezu esiyijowule, umsebenzi ekuqaleni zange nokuba ufuna ukushicilela. Ngenxa komthombo esiyijowule kunye izibalo oluchanileyo Emiliya Lentsa, kwagqitywa ekubeni igama umthetho imbeko bobabini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo esiyijowule-Lenz kuqalisiwe obizwa.

magnetostriction

Ngaxeshanye kunye iimpawu zombane yangoku Dzheyms Dzhoul ukufunda izenzakalo ngemagnethi. Ngowe-1842, uthi, ukuba intsimbi ziyohluka ubukhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kwamaza ngemagnethi. Ukuba kweentonga yesinyithi ibekwe mhlaba otsalayo, ubude bayo iya kuba inkulwlana kancinci.

Uluntu lwezenzululwazi athandabuze ukuba ukho apha kukho umnyango. Ukutshintsha ubungakanani kweentonga singabalulekanga kangangokuba akukho ibonwa esweni abantu ngayo. Kodwa yamachiza liphuhlise indlela ekhethekileyo ngawo wafumana ubungqina obucacileyo.

Kamva ke kanti lo isiphumo ukuba ezinye iintsimbi, kwaye isenzeko ebizwa magnetostriction. Ngoku ukuvula i esiyijowule wafumana ukusetyenziswa ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, izinto waveguide ukulinganisa inqanaba lamanzi kwi kwiitanki ezi isinyithi magnetostrictive. Le meko isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa iilebhile kwiinkqubo antikrazhevyh.

Ukuhlola irhasi

Kule 40 Dzheyms Dzhoul aza liphonononga iimpawu igesi, ezizezi nesenzeko ezinxulumene nokwandiswa kunye nokuncipha. Wayeqhuba amalinge kunye ukwandiswa igesi lingatshajiswanga, nto leyo eyayingqina ukuba ayo amandla lwangaphakathi akuxhomekekanga on volume. Kubalulekile ke ubushushu esisi kuphela.

Ngowe-1848, yayinguYoweli okokuqala kwimbali ophanda ukulinganisa isantya zegesi. Le mava umsebenzi phambi kwexesha ingcamango entshukumo gesi, yokukhawulezisa olunye uphando kule ndawo. kamva emsebenzini esiyijowule baqhubeka Scot Dzheyms Maksvell.

Ngokuba iminikelo yakhe ebalulekileyo yezenzululwazi imbeko yamachiza IsiNgesi igama iyunithi komsebenzi, kwaye umlinganiselo wamandla ubushushu - esiyijowule.

Esiyijowule and Thomson

A nefuthe elikhulu ngemisebenzi esiyijowule nokuwuqaphela yayo ehlabathini kwezobunzululwazi Uilyam Tomson. Izazinzulu bahlangana ngo-1847 xa uJoel zimelwe nguMbutho British of Scientists ingxelo yokukala elingana ngomatshini ubushushu.

Phambi Thomson esiyijowule asithatyathwa kakhulu ngezangqa zenzululwazi. Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi ngendingasazanga Wasisusa imithetho physics, ukuba Uilyam Tomas sele ayichazi kubo ukubaluleka 'snobs' yoluntu yaseBritani.

Kunye iipropati physics wafunda lokuvula igesi, ukuba igesi lupholisiwe yi-uhlangabezane adiabatic. Oko kukuthi, iqondo lobushushu igesi (okanye ulwelo) lincitshiswe ngexesha sicatshulwa ngokusebenzisa orifice (ivalve zigqunyiwe). Simanga kuthiwa isiphumo esiyijowule-Thomson. Ngoku esi simanga lisetyenziswa ukufumana amaqondo aphantsi.

Iinzululwazi ziye benza isikali thermodynamic, ogama emva isihloko weNkosi Kelvin, yeharim uWilliam Thomson.

Ukunakanwa kaYakobi esiyijowule

Udumo nokuwuqaphela kodwa ukudlula yamachiza yaseBritani. In-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane XIX, waba lilungu le-Royal Society waza wanikwa iMbasa ye Molteno Royal. Ngowe-1866 wafumana i-Molteno Copley, uze emva koko wasebusika Albert.

Izihlandlo eziliqela esiyijowule waba ngumongameli we British Science Association. Yena wawongwa iqondo zemfundo Doctor zoMthetho College Dublin, Edinburgh kunye neeyunivesithi Oxford.

Xa oqingqiweyo kwiholo yedolophu eManchester yaye sisikhumbuzo Westminster Abbey uzuko lwakhe. Kwicala umva kuloo mngxuma nenyanga ikhona James esiyijowule.

isiphelo

Nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo, ogama lakhe ubizwa ngokuba imithetho physics kunye neeyunithi ayikwazanga sifumane ukwamkeleka. Ngenxa ukuzingisa kwakhe nzima, akazange alibazise iintsilelo ezininzi. Ekugqibeleni wabonisa tye endaweni yayo phantsi kwelanga, okanye ubuncinane wentaba kwenyanga.