EDamasko isikrweqe - ntoni na? EDamasko steel: iimpawu. Imfihlakalo eDamasko ngentsimbi wamandulo

Wazalwa damask okukhulu
Zesinyithi soft, intsimbi nzima.
Kwaye kuba kalikhulu onamandla ngaphezu likrele;
Kwaye phezu intsimbi - bafaniswe zikhula.

(Alexander Simonov, "eDamasko ikrele")

Obuya ngumntu wasentsomini

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba sentsomi - akukho imbali nje umdla, onokuwatshintsha ukuthatha abantwana, kodwa ke ziyindlela ubulumko, unamaqhinga intertwining iphethini iziganeko zembali namabali.

I intsomi kwamagorha yamandla kunye kartel wohlobo ngokufuthi lihlangabezane elide njengoko enjalo 'eDamasko isikrweqe. " Amaqhawe enamandla kwaye zihlanjiwe, wenza ubuqhawe babo kunye neengalo damask ngentsimbi. Loluphi uhlobo but is le nto? Oko kuhle kangaka? Kutheni iindleko zibiza kakhulu, yaye zibaluleke kangaka? Ngokubanzi, sempi eDamasko - ntoni na? Nezikhali, Ingweletshetshe, nemibhalo? Mhlawumbi olu - uphuhliso ngasese otshonileyo ngensimbi zisabonakala, Buzani kubawo, umfuniselo okanye isipho esivela phezulu?

Ngaba ixesha lethu yaye ukuba kuthakazelelwa kunjalo, njengokuba kudala, sempi eDamasko? Intsingiselo yegama elithi "damask", imvelaphi kunye nokusetyenziswa olu zichazwe kweli nqaku. Siya kuzibonakalisa zonke iimfihlelo ngensimbi enisinike ngokwenene, nto leyo eneneni yokwenene kakhulu.

Izixhobo kwamagorha abaziwayo

EDamasko iintonga - ligama endala kwezixhobo bladed. Kwaye akukho isikrweqe, njengoko kusenokubonakala xa efika kuqala. Thelekisa i analogue elithi "isikrweqe" ngeelwimi liwele Polish (yaseWesselsbron) kunye Czech (zbrane) kuthetha ukuba isixhobo ngentsimbi, ezifana likrele damask, ikrele, imela, ikrele okanye ikrele.

Odume-kakuhle abalinganiswa nentsomi, zombini ngamagorha iikulya Muromets kunye Dobrynya Nikitich, Korol uArtur kunye Svyatogor, waba isixhobo eliGorha of damask ziintsimbi, ngenxa ethathelwe ingqalelo amadoda gidi. Intsingiselo yegama elithi "damask" kulula - boma ngentsimbi.

Imfihlakalo yonke

Imfihlakalo eDamasko ngentsimbi yamandulo ilele ngaphambili kude, kwaye kanye ngakumbi 1421, xa uMhlaba kufuphi nesixeko Russian ka Yaroslavl wawa zimpahla yentsimbi. Ingxenye enkulu ngentsimbi elithe uwe ezulwini, yayigqalwa isipho esivela woothixo kwaye siphele kuphela isixhobo esisodwa. Ukufikelela kwi-metal komhlaba waba ezimbalwa ngensimbi adumileyo kunye iincakuba ezivela neemela damask steel sele bubunjiwe ukuba amajoni elite.

yokuvelela edume

Amakrele, eqhelekileyo ezazakhiwe ukusuka ezilahliweyo ngentsimbi kwaye emva kokuba lokuqala bend ayekelele 2-3 wakhonza damask ngonaphakade. Baya kube lula Wayixakaxa ikhaka intsimbi okanye kubukrazula utshaba isikrweqe. Kwakhona Akumangalisi ukuba, nangona amandla ayo, yinto eningenakukholwa yiyo, iincakuba zentsimbi eDamasko baba ukuzivumelanisa kakhulu kwaye igotywe degrees 90-120 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ingqibelelo yayo. Ngenxa yoko, isixhobo elula abandayo utshaba emfazweni, ukuba akunjalo tupilos, oko ezaphule laziinyama efana negilasi ezaphukileyo, ngoxa eDamasko isikrweqe wahlala kwanasemva elibukhali. Ngokutsho ilivo, ikrele damask anikwe njenge igolide eninzi njengoko ndamlinganisela intsimbi, kwaye kweekhilogram lukhulu!

metal nemangalisayo

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba zimpahla yayinkulu, nabakhandi ukuba yokonga imali kakhulu, isitokhwe zesinyithi ezizodwa ukhathele. ekugqibeleni waba eDamasko sempi isixhobo edume yexesha elidlulileyo, wabulela apho elo uloyiso ezinkulu ezininzi. Ulwazi malunga isixhobo engummangaliso kudluliswe ngomlomo emlonyeni, ukusuka endala abatsha.

Ukususela ngoko sele kudlule iminyaka emininzi, kodwa isikrweqe yobugorha eDamasko, xabiso lazo elo ke kule minyaka uya kuphakanyiswa kuphela, akazange anike abantu ukuphumla. iincakuba bafaniswe wenziwe ukususela ngentsimbi, iculwa epics, iintsomi, amavo. Nazi nje imizekelo embalwa, njengoko kwi iintsomi ekhankanywe damask weentonga kulo:

• encwadini Vladimir i-Red iLanga yenye isikrweqe amaqhawe, damask obumbeneyo njengembumbulu, besilwa "njengotshaba wogwetywa";
• ku "I Tale of Tsar Saltan", ebhalwe Pushkin, abarhwebi, ukongeza igolide nesilivere, bazisa damask;
• Ivan, unyana umlimi xa ogqiba ayaziwa Chudo-Yudo, snesya ikrele intloko damask;
• kwi sentsomi malunga adventures a wasisebenzisa ukuhamba Aladdin abahambi bubuhlungu soyikiso kunye Bulat;
• umzalwana Ivan, amanzi ispivshy evela izadunge kunye iguqulelwa itakane lebhokhwe, uDade Alyonushka ucele uncedo esithi: "Iimela buguqulelwa elo, bafuna ngogonyamelo kum ...";
• Finley-lezingela kwi nentsomi le Ummeli iintsomi walumkisa ukuba ufuna ukumbulala damask ikrele elibukhali;
• kule ncwadi "iNkosikazi ndisangqengqile Forest" Velimir ophambili ekhangela igqwirha embi evela eDamasko ikrele intsimbi Wayixakaxa endleleni imithi namatyholo;
• Bogatyr Eruslan Lazarevich cuts damask ikrele olukhulu nolunamandla off kwentloko yenyoka amaqhophololo.

Ukongeza mabali zamandulo amabali, ibinzana elithi "IDamasko Zempi" ufumaneka kwisihobe mihla iprozi. Le ntsingiselo ibaluleke gqitha kule ncwadi, ngokulandelelana, ngenxa ababhali mihla damask ukhona namhlanje. Yiloo ababephila, nelisebenza wasindisa ulwazi kwezixhobo hyperacute:

• UViktor Prischepenko ( "ngokugqithiseleyo ulayite").
• Andrew Shabel'nikov ( "Ikrele damask okhaliphileyo Teuton").
• Sergey bake ( "Umgangatho wokuhamba i Dragon").
• Ninel Koshkin ( "Ngaba kwindawo yakho Shadow?").
• Sergey Stepanov ( "Fury of ngokusemthethweni").

Igugu of India

I damask yokuqala esidalwe ngumntu afunda ukuyenza eIndiya. Emva koko ke metal eliphezulu kwimveliso mfihlo avuza Iran kunye Central Asia. Noko ke, abekwezo ndawo damask intsimbi, iimpawu apho zangaphaya kobesikulindele, ibizwa ngokwahlukileyo. E India, yaba "VTC", yaye Asia and Iran - "Farand", "Taban", "Khorasan".

Umphengululi Persian kunye lexicographer Al-Bīrūnī, owayehlala kumaXesha Aphakathi eziphethwe ulwazi phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo uphando ngelo xesha, wabhala ama malunga Bulat. Wahlala kuloo yokugcina amandulo ukuya namhlanje. Al-Bīrūnī wabhala wathi: "damask weentonga efunyanwa zavuleka izinto ezimbini ukuze zinyibilike angalinganiyo lingadibananga kunye de ukufana Iziphumo iincakuba-ezimibala mibini ukuba zixatyiswa phezulu ngokungaqhelekanga.".

EDamasko sikrweqe lula liyabonakala by ipateni kuphawu bafaniswe. Le ezifunyenwe yi crystallization kwaye carbons nomfuziselo original izihloko. Ukongeza, ukusuka damask iincakuba zentsimbi emangalisayo elibukhali. Umzekelo, ukuba kulula dissected waphoswa phezu ngohlangothi abahle itshefu gas kwithishyu.

Isakhono eDamasko nabakhandi

Uninzi damask weentonga eveliswa eSiriya, eDamasko. EDamasko steel imivalo zingajikelezi neSiriya ivela Indiya eDamasko ngensimbi sele yakha enkulu, isixhobo kumnandi. Ngezinkempe, FOUND kunye amakrele baba ngakumbi na ngaphezu kwegolide kwaye ufuzisela nobutyebi nenkqubela.

Ixabiso damask Indiya lakhula ngokucacileyo. Kwaye yesandla seengcibi waseSiriya ukuqamba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngentsimbi, yaye ezininzi kwanokwenza wadala welding Bulat, ngubani unanamhla kuthiwa eDamasko intsimbi, kwaye kuthakazelelwa kakhulu kunene.

Xa Syria lahlaselwa ngomnye iinjengele Khan Togluk - Tamerlane, wazisa evela kumazwe woyisa zonke ngensimbi yaye wababeka Samarkand. Noko ke, ngo ekuthinjweni iinkosi wasebenza kakubi kakhulu. Kwaye phezu kwexesha, blacksmithing wabola. Inzala artists waseSiriya, lwavakala kulo lonke ihlabathi, kunye indlela yokwenza eDamasko zentsimbi kunye isikrweqe kuyo ekugqibeleni bamshiya.

Emanyathelweni abarhwebi yamandulo

Kukho ubungqina bokuba intsimbi ifana kakhulu ukuya damask, benziwa eJapan. Iincakuba, besuka lizwe bungqingqwa efanayo nokuqina kwayo, njengezixhobo ukusuka izinto sangaphezulu.

Xa nokwandisa iindlela zorhwebo metal oriental kunye ngamakrele, ngezinkempe ukusuka neemela damask sentsimbi ke eRashiya. Xa Imithombo yembali kukho iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba nabakhandi Russian bathenga izinto kuba nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ibiza kakhulu.

EDamasko iintonga, xabiso lazo elo ke omkhulu ngokungaqhelekanga kumazwe ezandulelayo urhwebo East, kuthakazelelwa kakhulu eNgilani. Oku kungqinwa iingxelo IsiNgesi Royal Academy, yomhla we-1795 yaye alondolozwe kule mini. Bachaza iziganeko ezinxulumene ukuthengwa zophando zentsimbi bullion bladed.

Noko ke, imfihlelo yokwenza lo mmangaliso metal wagcina ngamehlo abomvu. Akumangalisi oku: emva onke, kumaxesha amandulo wayengekho kodwa iilebhu imichiza nohlalutyo, ngoko ukuba kuveliswe ifomyula ofezekileyo eDamasko ngentsimbi Yayingekho. Yonke into yenziwe yi iliso, kwaye inani eliqikelelwayo kunye nokwakhiwa bagcinwa imfihlelo ngamehlo abomvu. Ambalwa ethembekileyo esazi ukuba yenziwa njani kakuhle eDamasko isikrweqe. Intsingiselo yegama elithi "damask" enxulumene noko kunye nezixhobo arcade games namajoni kwakhokelela bangcangcazele.

Ukwanda enkohliso

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, nabakhandi aseYurophu ezama lokuphinda ubuncinane intsimbi eDamasko, kodwa ayiphumelelanga. Babengazi nyanzelekile ukuba ufunde ukwenza njani izixhobo metal lobuxoki emahle ebefana damask, kodwa ezinye iimpawu akazange aye nayiphi sothelekiso iintonga lokwenyaniso zeemposiso.

Xa 18-19 Kwiinkulungwane th, imveliso yakha eDamasko sentsimbi ngokubanzi eItali, eJamani, eSpeyin, eBulgaria kunye France. Izixhobo zawo, ngakumbi isiJamani kunye Spanish, waba kangangokuba abantu ngenxa emhle imbonakalo, hlanganisa andigqibe isipili neepatheni ezintle. Umgangatho isikrweqe damask lobuxoki eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo. Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zazisenziwa carbon ngentsimbi eziqhelekileyo ezikumgangatho ophantsi.

Ukusungulwa kwasemaphakadeni mnyama

Kwathatha eziliqela phambi eRashiya wadala ngensimbi damask, leyo, ukwakhiwa kwayo, kwaba phantse ikopi lwezoyilo yaseMpuma. umbala-Two nokukotshwa intsimbi edume ngokobuqu inxaxheba injineli kwemigodi, sesayensi metallurgist, kunye part-time Major-Jikelele - Pavel Petrovich Anosov. Yena a abanetalente Russian, a ngokuthanda yelizwe lakhe, ngubani wakhulela zamaqhawe heroes, wayeqinisekile ukuba eDamasko isikrweqe - oko isixhobo gidi.

Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-1828 xa isebe imigodi liyalele yintloko Zlatoust yezityalo (kummandla eChelyabinsk) Anosov atyhile imfihlelo yamandla ensimbi ultra phezulu nokuphuhlisa ifomula of damask ngentsimbi. Development kunye amalinge, uthotho impumelelo kunye nokusilela ubukho kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-10. Ebudeni besifundo, abaphandi kuqala wasebenzisa ngemicroscope ukufunda izinyithi, kwaye kananjalo indawo yabe gilding galvanization.

Anosov enziwe isinyithi esikrwada grafayithi, nezihlanganisi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi, isinyithi ukunyibilikiswa emoyeni kwaye kungekho - in a ngelizwi, wavavanya.

Ekupheleni kuka-1838 Pavel Petrovich wakwazi ukufumana intsimbi bafaniswe - cast Bulat, xa kungekho ndlela enasilela iiphatheni kwizinga yamandulo Oriental. Ngowe-1839, ukususela etshe zakhe zentsimbi kunye neemveliso waya mboniso eSt Petersburg. Kwaye kakade ngo 1841 Anosov wabhala enye yemisebenzi yakhe ibalulekileyo - "On Bulat", nto leyo wachongwa ukuba Demidov Prize.

Ngenxa lo mntu umneyshemu eDamasko iintonga, xabiso lazo elo edunyiswa kwilivo yamandulo, Uyekile ukwenza i iphupha ukulwenza.

Anosovskiy Bulat

Yintoni damask, ukusungulwa Anosov? Ngokweempawu zazo ngemichiza ezahlukeneyo ukusuka metal ngentsimbi ukwanda mali yeziqulatho hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo kunye parameters ukuba sifana kakhulu ukuya kwesinyithi. Nakuba kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo inductile, damask intsimbi ntlanzi yaba lithambile yaye oluthambileyo ngakumbi yaye ngaloo ndlela nzima kakhulu ezinzima. Ukuze ufumane i damask yodidi oluphezulu, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba balandele ngqo le ubugcisa bemveliso. Kungenjalo, ukuphathwa engafanelekanga ungalucima olu nzima ngentsimbi eziqhelekileyo.

Emva kokufa Anosova imfihlelo ekwenzeni high-high eDamasko intsimbi yalahleka kwakhona. Mhlawumbi nje emehlweni prying efihliweyo, okanye mhlawumbi oko kwenzeka ngenxa yokungakhathali. Noko ke, ixesha emva lokuphinda Anosovskiy Bulat Umsunguli injongo kunye metallurgist Dmitriy Konstantinovich Chernov.

Wachitha ezininzi ezahlukeneyo eksperimenti ngokuxuba isinyithi nizkosernoe kunye flake grafayithi kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, Chernov wafumana metal kufuze, kodwa wafumanisa ukuba umzobo nokwakhiwa inyamalala. Le Isazinzulu, weyiseka ukuba imeko siphambili indalo yeduli damask - khetha lobushushu elifanelekileyo ngexesha omgunyathi. Phezu kwazo nje iinzame ezenziweyo ukufumana intsimbi idumileyo akazange aphumelele.

Le nto molybdenum?

Kakhulu kutshanje, ngexesha yokwemba rhoqo wafunyanwa nencakuba kwe eDamasko ngentsimbi yaseJapan, eyenziwe kwenkulungwane ye-12. uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali ngezikrweqe walityhila omnye iimfihlelo iimpawu ezizodwa kulo mbandela. Izazinzulu ziye zafumana sentsimbi molybdenum - ductile utshintsho metal eliyinjubaqa leyo kwimo yazo yendalo azenzeki. Xa izixhobo mihla molybdenum shishini elide kusetyenziswa dopant kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngentsimbi. Oku kwandisa amandla kunye eyomelele esi sixhobo.

Akuthandeki ukuba yaseJapan mandulo bezazi molybdenum. Kungenzeka, intsimbi, ukusuka apho benza izixhobo, ezifumaneka isixa esikhulu lwesi sakhi chemical.

Le mfihlelo ayilungiseki!

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yodidi namhlanje damask kude kunathi. Sekunjalo, lo gama enye i-metal kakhulu ogqibeleleyo ekuveliseni iimela.

Ukuba ucela, unako ukufumana ingcibi-izinto zentsimbi ngubani na onako sakha imela damask. Ngapha koko, ebomini kukho kusoloko sentsomi ...

Ngokomfanekiso ikhaba usoloko ekhethekileyo,
On the enye akukho efanayo, njengomntu.
Sword igorha - kunye nomhlobo, kunye nodadewabo ...
Kuyo - intlungu emfazwe kunye nemibongo uxolo.

(Alexander Simonov, "eDamasko ikrele")