Elikomkhulu Poland. Owayesakuba ikomkhulu Poland

Warsaw - ikomkhulu Poland. Yeyona inkulu kwingingqi kunye sabemi besixeko kweli lizwe. Emva umlilo kwi Wawel Castle Korol Sigizmund isiThathu wayalelwa ukuba indawo yakhe yokuhlala e Warsaw. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1596. capital Poland yaba enyanisweni kugqithiselwa isixeko ekhankanyiweyo. Kunjalo, wazuza iwonga ezisemthethweni kuphela emva kokuba ulwamkelo siseko Ngo1791.

data etymological

iingcali zeelwimi ezininzi mbali baqinisekile ukuba isixeko unetyala imvelaphi yayo izichazi bunini «Warszowa» (okanye «Warszewa»), wabumba igama ngaphambili eqhelekileyo Warcislaw.

Igama waba ukusuka Warszewa e Warszawa kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Le meko linxulunyaniswa awohluke of mazovian (oko kanti ubuhanjiswe phezu kwintsimi apho nhloko of Poland). Ngenxa yoko, izikhamiso "a" ocande "e" kwi sithuba emva kokuba amaqabane athambileyo (a indibanisela "sz" ibithambile ngelo xesha). Ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, yindibanisela "e" eminye babephakathi iziyelelane, ngoko ke abantu ubambe pronunciation ezoncwadi, zokubatshintsha ngabanye iifomu "a". Kulo mzekelo, ikomkhulu Poland Warsaw waba eyaziwa ngokuba ngenxa ukutshintshwa kwefom etymological kwi Hypercorrection.

Kukho inkolelo ethandwayo yoguqulelo Warszawa wabonakala ngenxa ukulawula ye umlobi Wars igama sikamamlambo Sawa. Umfanekiselo abathandi, njengoko version ongekho mthethweni, yaye waba umthombo lokusekwa igama lesixeko eyinkunzi.

Ilivo kakhulu malunga isiseko Warsaw isixelela yinkosana (Nkosi) ogama Casimir. Lahlekeriwi ngexesha ngokuzingela, weza kulo kwindlu ngumlobi hlwempu phezu elunxwemeni Vistula. Apho wabona intombazana wayebanike nje wazala amakhwenkwe amabini - Varsha kunye Sava. Casimir wavuma ukuba owayemele amawele kwaye maz kakuhle wemikhosi ngomoya wabo. Banikela ngemali kubo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukwakha indlu ecaleni kwenye. Ezinye abalobi baqalisa ukwakha kwizindlu zabo kule ndawo. Ngoko ekuqaleni eyinkunzi kukarhulumente.

imiqondiso esemthethweni

Ikomkhulu Poland iye isimboli yayo. Le sikamamlambo ngaphambili Sawa. umfanekiso wakhe zingabonakala nkqu iingalo mzi. Monument wokuwonga elaa sidalwa wasentsomini efakwe kwi Market Square.

Ingubo lwesizwe yindlela amile webhodi French. umbala wayo - obomvu. Ngelo umda Imintla umtya kunye Isaci, ngolwimi - Silver Cross noMyalelo sokuzimisela Military.

Capital indwe a ababandakanya ngezithandelo ezimbini yobubanzi olulinganayo bomvu ebengezelayo.

ulwazi zembali

Ngokutsho Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana amaxwebhu yamandulo, kwinkulungwane yeshumi, ngomhla kummandla isixeko mihla ibekwe nje iindawo ezimbalwa, baba Kamion, Brodno kunye Jazdow obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, izakhiwo zokuqala ngamaplanga wabonakala apha kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi Ilitye - In elinesine.

ngexesha elitsha

Yintoni likomkhulu ePoland embindini Mazowiecki Duchy? Warsaw. Kamva, yena ingqalelo yakhe yokuhlala kookumkani Polish nabathetheli Lithuanian. Ukususela Ngo1791 ku-1795 isixeko yayilikomkhulu ye-Commonwealth, ukususela 1807 ukuya 1813 - Duchy of Warsaw, ukususela 1815 ukuya 1915 - ubukumkani Polish.

Ngexesha umsebenzi kwiminyaka 1939-1944 sele hit kanzima ilizwe Poland. Capital - Warsaw - yatshatyalaliswa ekuhlaseleni German. City wakhupha 17/01/1945, ngexesha impumelelo yokusebenza Vistula-oder.

Ekupheleni the World eyinkunzi 2 of Poland iye ngenkuthalo kuphila. Noko ke, kuphela Royal Route, Endala kunye Iidolophu New ziye ngokutsha uhlobo yayo zembali.

imizi emikhulu yaseYurophu elinethoba kade - kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini luphawulwa izakhiwo ashinyeneyo. Ayizange ukugcina ukwenzela ukuphucula lococeko izindlu ngokungqinelana yembono prokommunistov imo inkqubo kunye iingcinga kwimpucuko.

Uninzi isixeko zaguqulwa ngokupheleleyo. Warsaw itshintshe nje kuphela an ezidolophini kodwa ngokwalo bokwakha.

sezulu

Warsaw yi ngokulinganisela kwemozulu lizwekazi kunye nehlobo elishushu nokufuma ebusika mnene. Kuneqabaka ngezantsi degrees elinesihlanu nobushushu ngasentla amathathu - lwepaki. Autumn idla ezifudumeleyo babezilazila, intwasahlobo uqhele kancinci. Imvula yonyaka ka-530 eemilimitha nge-avareji.

division zokuphatha

Ukususela ngo-2002, ikomkhulu Poland - a kwisiphaluka leyo iquka Thethani elinye. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, yahlulelwe kwii-ofisi zezithili elinesibhozo (Dzielnica).

A isuntswana Chief wamaPolisa

De-1833 amapolisa Warsaw wayengomnye-ofisi zolawulo ezinkulu zikamasipala, iqhutywa yi ngumongameli welizwe. Ikhulu of June (sesibini ngoJulayi ngokutsho kwikhalenda endala) zonyaka kokuba sekukhutshwe Ulawulo Polish Council of ubukumkani. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, amaPolisa Executive eyayohlulwe lolawulo zigqithiswe kolawulo uSekela-Mongameli elikomkhulu, leyo kamva yaziwa ngokusesikweni ngokuba Warsaw oyiNtloko wamaPolisa.

labantu

Phezu kwemvelo kunye nokwanda kwenani varshavtsev kudala zaphenjelelwa yinto yokuba isixeko ngomnye izithuba staging phezu ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo kunye yokufuduka Trans yaseYurophu-. Oku kube nefuthe elibonakalayo inombolo kunye nokwakheka nobuhlanga abahlali balapha. Phambi kokuba iziko of Warsaw njengoko koshishino inkonzo kunye nabantu ikakhulu liqulethe zorhwebo. Ngokutsho 1897 ubalo, 34% yabantu amaYuda (219,000 ka-638,000). Ukuxutywa beentlanga, iimbono kunye neentshukumo kwakhokelela ekubeni kwakukho igama sikweni kweli komkhulu. Poland saziwa ngokuba "Paris Second" wayo - Warsaw.

ukwakhiwa City

Modern Warsaw na umxube banezimbo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo bokwakha. Oku kungenxa kwimbali onzima zombini lizwe kunye nesixeko. uhlengahlengiso zabo wenza inkqubo yokubuyisa ixesha ekuphulukenwe emva Second World War. Iziko nelembali eyinkunzi - iRoyal Palace - yalungiswa ukuze kude. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo ndawo idweliswe njenge UNESCO World Heritage Site. Le iqondakele isimntwiso senkqubo yokwakha ngokucokisekileyo zitshatyalaliswe lesikhumbuzo yimbali.

Kumaxesha the People Polish Republic kwisixeko kukho izakhiwo ezininzi isimbo ubukhosi Stalin kaThixo. Ezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ziye zabuyiselwa emva kokuwa Poland. Namhlanje, izakhiwo esi sixeko liya kuthi yongezwe ngamaziko zoshishino lwale mihla kunye ezinde.

inkqubo wokuweza

Metropolitan network izithuthi zikawonke lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso. Lenze iqela elikhulu iindlela ibhasi. Transport ihambelana ngqo kwishedyuli. Ngamaxesha athile iibhasi kunye emgangathweni ephantsi lula iindwendwe abakhubazekileyo.

Isixeko lusebenza elinye isebe engaphantsi, ezininzi imigca tram. Amatikiti lokuhamba zingathengwa kwa-MyCiTi kwizikhululo okanye umqhubi, yaye ubhetyebhetye bonke, ahlukana ngokohlobo lwesithuthi sele zenziwe. Kwikomkhulu, network eziqeshisayo ibhayisekile luphuhliswa.

Owayesakuba ikomkhulu Poland

Ngaphambili, umzi iphambili kweli lizwe kuqwalaselwa ukuba Krakow. Kwaye nkqu Elipheleleyo igama layo elisemthethweni - Capital emzini wakomkhulu of Krakow - kusikhumbuza oku. Ide kweyeshumi elinesibhozo, bekukho isithsaba bonke abalawuli Polish.

ubheka

Krakow ke lula ukufikelela kuloo ntsimi, apho p. Wisla uba imikhumbi. Ngenxa indawo yayo geographical le dolophu yanda ngokukhawuleza indawo yayo kwaye baba zizityebi. Boleslav Hrabry waseka isitulo Episcopal ngo-1000. Ukubala kwinkxaso iinkosana Silesian yaye waziva nokubaluleka kwayo, ngo-1311 Krakow baseJamani waququzelela imvukelo nxamnye Vladislava Lokotka. Le mvukelo ngokukhawuleza bacinezelwa bavukeli efanayo baphulukana onke amalungelo kunye nezibonelelo.

Intsingiselo Krakow waqalisa ukukhula kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Ngowe-1319 umlawuli yangoku - Vladislav First engqinibeni - bafudukela yokuhlala yakhe (ngaphambili kwakunjalo Gniezno). Ebudeni bolawulo Kazimira Velikogo abakuloo mzi kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezitsha, baye kwiindawo ezifana kurhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. NgoFebruwari 1386 kwikomkhulu owayesakuba Poland Jagiello wabhaptizwa. Kwakhona Kukho aqhuba emtshatweni wakhe Jadwiga.

Xa abasemagunyeni baba Jagiellonians, ekugqibeleni Krakow wazomeleza indawo isixeko ezingundoqo ubukumkani. Inani abemi liye landa nekhulu lamawaka.

Yintoni elikomkhulu ePoland kwinkulungwane yeshumi? Ngo-1596 i ngesiqu kweny Krakow ukuya Warsaw. Intlalo-ntle dolophu kanye banobutyebi kancinci kodwa ibulale inene, uhlaselo iintshaba. Ngowe-1787 labemi Krakow yaba bantu ngaphantsi kwe ishumi lamawaka.

kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini

De 1918 Krakow waba phantsi kolawulo Empire Austria-Hungarian. , 1939-1945. Yinto embi xesha kwimbali kwikomkhulu yangaphambili. abangeneleli lwamaNazi ihlelwe Krakow xian, apho elirhangqiweyo inkoliso amaYuda awayehlala ikakhulu kwisithili Kazimierz. Abameli beli uhlanga mercilessly ukubatshabalalisa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso of Auschwitz Plaszow.

Ngu nabaphumi-First Ukrainian Front, ngoJanuwari 1945 isixeko yakhululwa zabahlaseli. Elinanye kwenyanga ka-Agasti kulo nyaka ezityikitywe Krakow pogrom. Ngexesha lentlekele zopolitiko 1968 sele iwupasisile nephulo likazwelonke lokulwa nolwaphulo-isiJuda. Njengoko ezi meko, inkoliso yamaYuda, basindileyo Ngenkohlakalo washiya Poland.

iziko leeNkcubeko

Yintoni likomkhulu Poland ngoku? Eyona isixeko lizwe - Warsaw. Noko ke, ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, le ngesiqu abenaso Krakow. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku dolophu kwathiwa intliziyo inkcubeko Polish. iziko layo yimbali ukuba kutshatyalaliswa ngexesha kokurhoxa imikhosi yaseJamani ngo-1945. Noko ke, ngenxa yokusebenza entsonkothileyo kakhulu emkhosini wenziwe amajoni eSoviet Army kunye namaqela ukumelana Polish, isixeko yasinda.

I ezimbini eziphambili ezinomtsalane Krakow zimi Wawel Hill. Eyokuqala them - Cathedral ka Wawel Cathedral. Le yenye yeetempile ezininzi iziqu kweli lizwe. Ngaphambili babesenza ibekwa kunye nabalawuli yokungcwaba Polish. Isakhiwo yesibini umdla phezu kwentaba - the Royal Castle. Eyayikhe yaba yokuhlala Jagiellonian, Piast Vasa. Ekuqaleni le nqaba kwakukho isakhiwo kunokuba ukuthobeka encinane indlela Romanesque. Kamva, yena yakhiwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, zandiswa. Yiyo ke loo nto umbona unawo iimpawu uphawu imikhwa bobugcisa ngamaxesha amaninzi zembali.

E Krakow, enkulu iicawa ezininzi. Omdala - eSt kaMariya (Mariana). Yinto eyaziwa ngokubanzi ukuba iglasi yayo nanto yesiGothic nebala. Ekuqaleni, ukwakhiwa yayenziwe ngamaplanga. Kwinkulungwane weshumi endaweni yayo lwakwakhiwa omtsha - kuhlobo Romanesque, kodwa satshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elinye iyangena kwi nangezinto. Ibandla kwakhona kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, kwaye sele indlela zwe.

Enye nesakho imigodi ityuwa edumileyo zibizwa ngokuba "magnum Sal". Bona ekumgama omalunga ezilishumi ukusuka Krakow - kwidolophu Velichko. Nabani na ukutyelela Salt Museum ezizodwa.

I Krakow Iziko odumileyo emfundo ephakamileyo - Jagiellonian University. Isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngenxa yalo Casimir II ngoMeyi 1364. Emnyango sibhalwe sisaci ulandelayo: "Ingqondo iyaluphumelela". Esi sikolo wabhaliswa izikhanyiso ezininzi ngenzululwazi yehlabathi. Phakathi kwabo, amaxesha amaninzi ukhankanye Nikolaya Kopernika - ngeenkwenkwezi kunye yezibalo kwexesha Renaissance, nombhali kwenkqubo heliocentric zehlabathi; UStanisław lulo - umbhali odumileyo kwamabali fantastic; John Paul II lamiselwa ungowokubongwa.

Ekuqaleni lenzeka iingqondo elinanye, apho ezisibhozo jurisprudential, ezimbini zonyango kunye elinye yobugcisa zobunene. Isebe wezakwalizwi weza kamva, xa wafumana imvume Pope. University elikhokelwa Chancellor zobukumkani Polish. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa yokunyamekela imisebenzi kunye nophuhliso ziko.

isiphelo

Ngaphezu siye wajonga kutheni kwaye nini ukutshintsha igama komkhulu. Poland waziwa izixeko zamandulo ezininzi, kodwa e Krakow kunye Warsaw bebekelwa imibombo eziphambili zembali, kwaye abanye babo bade zibandakanyiwe kwi-UNESCO World List Heritage.