Engqinibeni - isilinganiso ubude. Uyibhekise Ubude. nesilinganiso engqinibeni

Engqinibeni njengokuba ilungu lomzimba, okanye kunoko, "indawo phinda isandla," yaziwa kakuhle. Kwakhona, akukho namnye kuphakamisa imibuzo kwaye kusimangalise intsingiselo yesibini yeli gama, ezinento yokwenza nempahla yokunxiba. Le ndawo kwi emkhonweni apho abafowunelwa kwi joint ingqiniba. Kodwa namhlanje, asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ilizwi elo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi wesithathu, ngoku intsingiselo lixesha: uyibhekise - umlinganiselo ubude. Yena uye ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo asetyenziswa izizwe ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kuquka abemi yokuqala karhulumente yamandulo Russian, yaye kamva - uBukhosi Russian.

Ingqiniba - measure length?

Unobangela wale engaqhelekanga ngokwembono komntu mihla ulizwi okunene ilula. Phambi kokufika kwe iisentimitha zemveli, kunye nezinye kakuhle yaziwa kuthi namhlanje, indlela elula umlinganiselo iiyunithi Bakhokelwa koko eziqhelekileyo. Oku, umzekelo, iindawo ezahlukeneyo omzimba womntu. Ngaphezu koko, baye belisoloko "kunye naye." Yintoni na ubude neminwe kunye nezandla, okanye inowuthi athetha ntoni? Indlela ubunzima ezininzi ukuphakamisa umntu ngexesha? Yintoni na umgama phakathi wazolula nocikicane index iminwe esandleni? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye efanayo ziye zanceda ukufumanisa ubunzima Ngemihla yakudala, ubude, ukuphakama izinto. Kakade ke, ezi data bani yaye ngokuqhelekileyo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo Kuqhelekile ukuba zonke iinkqubo yokukala kusonjululwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ingxaki kwenkcazelo nesebenzayo. Ukuzama ukuphucula nokwandisa iziphumo yomsebenzi wenu, ngokuthe ngcembe abantu beza kwisigqibo sokuba kwezinye iindawo (maxa wambi nkqu nangaphakathi lizwe linye) ngeyunithi nganye abaza idatha ethile kakhulu.

Kunokuba ezisetyenziswa imihla yamandulo, abakhaya bethu

Isilinganiso yamandulo ubude kwi emazweni Russian ukuze amagama ahlukeneyo: intshi, intshi, yikubhite, iiyadi (okanye inqwanqwa), iinyawo ezisixhenxe, weekhilomitha. Abanye uvele ekuqaleni, abanye kamva, kodwa bonke bephela ixesha elide zamkelwe ngokubanzi ngokwendlela yokunombola. iiyunithi ezincinci ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkalo ekhaya, yokugqibela ezimbini - ngakumbi rhoqo ukujonga imigama emide phakathi kwezikhululo yeposi kunye needolophu.

Ukulinganiswa engqinibeni kwakuxhaphakile kwishishini kurhwebo kwaye ekuqaleni yaba Abarhwebi ogqibeleleyo kunye nabanini nezitali ekuthengisweni ngamaqhekeza amancinci belaphu, ngelaphu, ilaphu. Benani esakwenza oku lula ukufumanisa ubude intambo ye hemp okanye vulu ukususela uboya obuchetyiweyo emasondweni. Ingqiniba ukuze asetyenziswe ekwakheni, umzekelo, ukufumanisa ubukhulu window kunye ucango iminyango.

In Russia kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi kule amanyathelo alula kunye lula. Ngoko ke kwenza ukuba engqinibeni enkulu, nto leyo kabini lagqithisa eziqhelekileyo kwaye ubude ingalo ukusuka ngaxhatha ngokulula. Kangangexesha yena inkqubo uthandwayo zemilinganiselo kurhwebo (kamva ngendlela efanayo ukulinganisa eyadini steel). Bekukho ayiphelelanga, dvuhladonny, Iwanski (yena ngokusesikweni e Velikiy Novgorod ezingqongileyo) ingqiniba. Kuba ubuncinane ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu iinkulungwane, lo mlinganiselo mandulo ubude sele amkelwe ngokusesikweni ezisetyenziswa yonke imida karhulumente Russian. Ke igama elithi "engqinibeni" ixesha elide sele enxulumene ikakhulu nale xabiso. Kuyinto kuphela ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI kwi imithombo ezibhaliweyo emva kokuba lifumene eziqhelekileyo kuthi ixabiso - amajiko kwi ingalo.

Njengoko kumiselwe yi kubungakanani uyibhekise

Umbuzo ophambili, nto leyo edla unomdla kubantu HIVukufumanisa namhlanje urhoxile ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "engqinibeni - yindlela phi?"

Xa efuna impendulo, kufuneka kuqala uvule imithombo ezisemthethweni - Dictionary. Bona kakhulu kakuhle waziwa abacwangcisi bazo C no D. Ushakov Ozhegov makahlonitshwe elinye lamaxabiso inika inkcazelo efanayo, ngoku ebizwa ngokuthi "lixesha '. Bathi ingqiniba - umlinganiselo ubude esetyenziswa kummandla karhulumente eNdala Russian kwaye ilingana ukuba malunga nesiqingatha imitha. Nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga kwezinye iincwadi, unako ukufumana amanani ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Uninzi avamise 46-47 cm Kwafa uyakwazi ukufumana ubungakanani ka 38-46 cm, kunye Ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphezulu kwama-50 cm, nanku umbuzo ngokwayo: .. "Yintoni kwakhona wayelingana engqinibeni ngemihla ubudala yaye yintoni ebangele umahluko onjalo ekuqinisekiseni ubude bayo?"

Ukuqiqa ngale sihloko, sifanele sikhumbule ukuba ekuqaleni, phambi ukwanda kwamanani kunye neeyunithi ezinobukhulu ezahlukeneyo, "umthombo" yokumisela zobungakanani zabo, ngengqiniba enye, baba yinxalenye yomzimba womntu. Noko ke, bonke abantu babe neempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye nezakhono. Ngenxa yoko, umgama ukusuka ngengqiniba ukuya ngesandla okanye umnwe esithinzini phakathi ngenqindi ebambe (leyo ichaza ubungakanani unit) xa umntu ngamnye kwaba ngamnye. Kubonakala ukuba kummandla phantse zonke iphondo ubude State engqinibeni Russian yayahlukile kwabanye. Ubunokwazi ukuba ukuzisa ucwangco ukufana ubuncinane kwinkalo enye, oosodolophu maxa wambi umiselwe le yunithi lwemizekelo umlinganiselo ethile, kwaye ke sajolisa bonke abathengisi kwindawo zorhwebo kwi iivenkile kunye nabathengi. Loo inkqubo sele waphila ixesha elide, ukusuka XI (kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ngeli xesha na ukukhankanywa yokuqala ngengqiniba kwi "Inyaniso Russian" Grand Prince Yaroslava Mudrogo) kwaye ukuya kwinkulungwane XVI. Emva koko indawo iyadi, leyo wenza yoBukhosi Russian ngaphambi kokufika kweeyunithi mihla.

Ukusuka kwimbali yokufumanisa ubukhulu engqinibeni

rhoqo ukuze kuqondwe ukuba iziganeko eladlulayo zembali imithombo ukuba ubungqina eminyaka abalondolozwa iziganeko zenzeka ebhaliweyo. Loo data kwi iiyunithi ezikhoyo ziyafumaneka iincwadi.

Enye ezikhumbuzo zokuqala iincwadi yamandulo "Ukuhamba umphathi uDaniyeli kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele", ebhaliweyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII. Umbhali walo, indela owayesakuba okukhuphileyo iphulo zabanquli ePalestina yaye ingxelo yayo olulandelayo-up hlobo. Yeyona imveliso ngokuyinxenye wanceda abantu bexesha ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Elbow - le yindlela phi?"

Isibakala sokuba "Ukuhamba ..." inika inkcazelo eneenkcukacha zonqulo eziphambili baseYerusalem - wengcwaba oyiNgcwele, yaye kubandakanywa anikwe ubukhulu bayo. Ngenxa yoko, uDaniyeli waphawula ukuba ubude nobubanzi zihlobene njenge engqinibeni isikhumbuzo ezine ukuya ezimbini. Kamva, phakathi lwekhulu XVII, omnye umbingeleli Russian - uBhishophu Nikon - yenziwa engaqhelekanga kakhulu, kwaye umntu nokuba iphupha nobuganga obukwanjalo. Ngomhla elunxwemeni i Istra lomlambo phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe zakhiwe zobungangamela Uvuko New Jerusalem Monastery, phantse ngokufanayo, kodwa kwisayizi encinane, eyaziwa izakhiwo Palestine. Wabekwa phezulu kwaye i ikopi ngqo engcwabeni oyiNgcwele, ebinezinto nemilinganiselo efanayo kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele, kodwa elikhankanyiweyo kuphela abakhi kwaye vershoks akuyona. Kuyinto ezi zibakala ezimbini ezidibene amagama kaDaniyeli Nikon kamva ukuba ngokuthelekisa idata ekhoyo kunye izibalo ezilula lokubala eliguqukayo uku bana phandle ngokomthetho 1 yikubhite wayelingana 46.6 cm. Eli nani ixhaphakileyo xa kukhankanywa.

Iwanski uyibhekise

Kukho nobunye ubungqina yintoni eye le yunithi oluthandwa ubude.

Ngoko ke, phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngexesha ngabembi kwisixeko samandulo Nizhny Novgorod, yafunyanwa umdla kakhulu ngokwembono kwimbali ezinxulumene nesihloko yezinto. Enye yazo ngentonga eyenziwe, inokuba esiqwini entendeni konwele kunye neentende kakuhle kupolishiwe izandla (oko kubonisa ukuba sendleleni njalo). A Iikona anencasa kakuhle usike ekubonise ukuba le nto liyalondolozwa ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni. Emva kokuba iimviwo kunye nokuzimisela eneminyaka eli "izinti" engaqhelekanga, nto Kwagqitywa ukuba ingaba kukho uhlobo imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo wenza malunga XI-XII iinkulungwane. Ngaloo ndlela Elbow Ubude (njengoko wafumana intonga inkulu ingqinelane ngakumbi kuye) waye 54,7 cm.

Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambilana pyatnadtsatisantimetrovy umgca efanayo chip kwafumaneka enye indawo enxulumene, mhlawumbi, ukuba ixesha kamva - kwekhulu XIV. Nangona umonakalo kokuba yasinda Slavic othi "svatogoivanos".

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba imilinganiselo efana unokubakho ngokwenene, ukuba asingabo bonke, ngoko amaziko ezininzi nezinkulu kakhulu kwiphondo. Uze udlale indima ukulawula ukulinganisa ubude kwintengiso. Ngenxa yoko, abasemagunyeni bangxamele ukukhusela umdla umqombothi kunye nabathengi.

Yintoni elide: iinyawo ezisixhenxe okanye uyibhekise?

Ngowe-1017, indela adumileyo Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor, waya ezantsi imbali umkhumbuzi wokuqala ikhankanya enye lweenkobe Russian. Kuyinto iinyawo ezisixhenxe, ukusetyenziswa ngo ilandelayo emva indawo ingqiniba. ubude bayo kwakhona kwakungumzekelo yaye wayezimisele ngeendlela ezininzi. Elaziwa kakhulu kwaye zixhaphakileyo - umgama phakathi iincam iminwe yakhe umtshato kumacala ahlukeneyo ezandleni (oku ziifatom centrifugal). Olunye uhlobo lomlinganiselo - ukusuka phezulu phantsi kwaye ukusuka emagxeni ukuya komgangatho. Ekugqibeleni, iyalele kwikonw ngekona ukusuka toe yonyawo ekhohlo ukuya zeminwe sesandla sakhe sasekunene, waphakamisa (elibhalwe ngokumileyo iinyawo ezisixhenxe). Igama ngokwayo kwabunjwa ukusuka isenzi Russian "syagat" yamandulo, leyo ixabiso "wena unako ukufikelela njani ngaphandle ngesandla." Konke oku, enyanisweni, inika impendulo yombuzo endana - iinyawo ezisixhenxe okanye ingqiniba.

ingafumaneka ulwazi oluninzi oluneenkcukacha, ukuba siqhelane ezi zibakala zilandelayo. ERashiya, oko yasasazwa amagama ngaphezu kweshumi ezahlukeneyo kuba oku ziifatom: ezincinane, ngokumileyo (okanye KOSOV), ipolisa, centrifugal, yobukumkani, Mason kunye nabanye. ubukhulu ngeminyaka ukusuka kwimitha 1.34 ukuya ezimbini ezinesiqingatha okanye ngaphezulu. Kwakhona, ndiyazi ibali malunga bafumana ilitye umbhalo in Slavonic. Okhankanywe yakhe Prince Gleb lathembisa ukuba balinganise umgama kwisithili, kwaye ukulungisa iziphumo usebenzisa nyathelo efanele lo ubude - iinyawo ezisixhenxe. Kamva, abahloli, ezincina ingxelo kunye isiqabu emhlabeni, bafika kwisigqibo sokuba ngokomlinganiselo, nto ilingana malunga elinye kunye iimitha enesiqingatha. Ezi ziphumo ziyangqinelana ubungakanani ziifatom, ezibe ingakhankanywanga bezakhiwo kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo enxulumene zokwakha. Kwakhona rhoqo ukuba olusetyenziswe ukuchonga ayikho imigama emide kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha sifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umlinganiselo omkhulu ubude - sazhen. Uyibhekise yaba umyalelo yobukhulu elifutshane, kwaye ngoko ke ifanele ngakumbi kuba umlinganiselo izinto ezincinci-ertyisi kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Arshin esikhundleni uyibhekise

Ukuqalisa ukususela ngenkulungwane XVI, umlinganiselo engqinibeni kancane shwaka. Kwaye kuyenzeka ukubona izizathu ezininzi kule meko. Omnye kubo ezinxulumene into yokuba xa Ekuveleni XVI-XVII iinkulungwane yakhutshwa "incwadi zorhwebo", ezenzelwe abarhwebi kunye nabanye abathengisi. Ku yaziswa ukusetyenziswa iyunithi entsha yokulinganisa - iiyadi - wazimisa ubukhulu kwalo cishe - 71 cm ke ichazwe ngokulinganisa umgama ukusuka ngaxhatha ngencam ingalo umnwe eliphakathi .. Mu kuya kwa nshita Russian 'engqinibeni "ubudala ubudala, lo gama' umntu wasemzini." Kwathi eRashiya ukusuka eMpuma kwixesha lophuhliso olusebenzayo ubudlelane urhwebo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. Le ncwadi yanikwa ubude intshukumo itafile, apho ulwalamano ilandelayo iiyunithi abatsha nabadala banikwa: iyadi ababini boba ziikubhite ezintathu. Kangangexesha, zikho ngayo entsimini parallel nezohlukeneyo nokusetyenziswa. Abarhwebi Russian kunjalo wabhenela engqinibeni, lowo amazwe - umtya. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo yokugqibela iye isetyenziswa kakhulu. Okokuqala oko waqala ukuphelelwa ixabiso layo, yaye oku nangona yokuba kudala bekusoloko iyunithi esisiseko zemilinganiselo kurhwebo.

Esinye isizathu siyifumana yokuba ayizizo zonke iimpahla ethengiswayo lula wawusongwe engqinibeni. Le mitha ukulinganisa laphu esifanayo lula kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, nangona onke amanyathelo kumaphondo, ixabiso ngengqiniba yayahlukile kakhulu phakathi kubathengisi ezahlukeneyo. ekugqibeleni Oku kwakhokelela ekukhuleni ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu. Ngenxa yoko, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII unit primordially Russian - engqinibeni - iphantse ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa. Arshin naye wahlala eRashiya de kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ekuqaleni, xa omtsha, kufutshane kumlinganiselo yaseYurophu nkqubo iye yaziswa.

A indima kwi "lomzabalazo 'kunye neeyunithi Russian" umbhalo "wadlala kunye nemigangatho - ekuthiwa umlawuli ngomthi kunye iziqu ibhalwe ngawo. Ukuba kungekudala baqalisa ukudlala indima yokuba eyadini. Inqanaba elilandelayo semvume yawo eRashiya ibhiyozelwa ngexesha xa intshi encinane kunye intshi steel masihambelane iyunithi entsha. Kunye nokuthintela ukuqhatha abathengi (yonke yomrhwebi ekuqaleni esilinganiselweyo line yayo imveliso - khumbula nje besithi "kugwetywa akuyona yabo"), urhulumente wazisa babizwa ngokuba "akuyona esemthethweni ', ukuba saba phezu ekupheleni rivet ezizodwa metal. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubude womlinganiselo loo kakuhle ngaphezu usebenzisa uyibhekise.

Njengoko ngemvelaphi nentsingiselo yegama elithi "iyadi 'ukuba alinikwa ingcaciso ecacileyo. Abanye bathi imbonakalo yakhe kunye zamaTurkic "ar" ( "umhlaba"), enye - kunye Persian "wayeyindalo" ( "ingqiniba"). Ngaphezu koko, abaxhasi lwalo yokuqala, kuphothulwe ukuba xa umtya wayekwazi ubungakanani inqwanqwa kwabantu.

zaye zabanjwa lwemveli

Kuba phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu eRashiya kukho inkqubo entsha zokulinganisa ubude, kodwa ubungqina nokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi bamandulo amaninzi zifumaneka imisebenzi zobugcisa nenkcubeko. Kwimeko yokugqibela, akukho bungqina kuphela kuphuhliso yembali yabantu kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi, kodwa ke uhlobo umgangatho yokuziphatha evela kangangeenkulungwane.

Ngokomzekelo, omnye umzekeliso ezaziwayo-kakuhle: "ngokwayo kunye isikhonkwane, kunye ngeendevu engqinibeni" libhekisela kumntu lanjengembonakalo zokuqhubela, kodwa igunya ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni, aye wayifumana ingqondo, ngakumbi amava obomi, okanye isimo nje intlalo. Iingcambu yale ingcaciso iya emva amaxesha pre-Petrine. Emva koko intshebe esihle kakuhle abanembeko yaba ikratshi aziingangamsha. Kungenxa yoko le nto, baphulukene phezu imiyalelo uPetros Enkulu, izinduna ubeziva ephoxekile kakubi. Nantso kwiyunithi ubude 'engqinibeni "waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ephathekayo, ezizezi ixabiso elithelekelelwayo.

Omnye umzekelo. Bathi: "Xa izandla engalunganga nge nail engqinibeni", nto leyo ichaza ngokupheleleyo umntu elinomona olubawayo. Okanye: "Ukuba nithi isikhonkwane, uze ubalise ingqiniba" - malunga amarhe ububi eye iipropati kunokuba yagcwala.

Engqinibeni kwamanye amazwe

Loo umlinganiselo kubude ukusetyenziswa kuphela eRashiya. Kuba abantu abaninzi kuye kwaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo (kwaye kwezinye amazwe aseYurophu ngayo utyando de ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX). Njengokuba sele kunokwenzeka ukuthelekelela ixabiso engqinibeni sahlukile kwilizwe ngalinye. Le milinganiselo ilandelayo theyibhile ngamazwe ubude le yunithi zinganikwa umzekelo.

Kanye Russia, apha, kananjalo, kukho iintlobo engqinibeni: ezinkulu, kanti ke kabini (99-99,6 cm) - ngukumkani yaseSamariya Gudea of Lagash, esebenze ngayo i-BC 22 leminyaka. e. Ngokuqhelekileyo Abarhwebi isilinganisi kwazo ingubo okanye enye into efanayo.

A oyidingayo kwangaphambili okanye umgca ukhetho lula?

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, intsingiselo lixesha yegama elithi 'engqinibeni "- Kakade, ayisa kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo ubude, kunye nolwazi imbali yayo ibubungqina ngakumbi kwinqanaba kushicilelo lophuhliso loluntu. Noko ke, ubomi rhoqo kukho amaxesha xa engxamisekileyo kufuneka into yokulinganisa, kwaye elandelayo hayi umgca, nasiphi ebizwa ngokuba yi-cm. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, nokuba kuza uncedo kusiwa imilinganiselo ezikude ezenziwe ngaphambili. Baya kunceda a ngesekhondi ukumisela ixabiso izinto ezincinane. Ukuze wenze oku, izimamva ezinokuthelekiswa ukwazi, umzekelo, yintoni ubungakanani umgama ophakathi nakusithupha ezongeziweyo Uvalo (le-intshi yamandulo Russian) okanye izandla eyolukileyo emacaleni (ziifatom centrifugal).

Kulula kakhulu ukufunda yaye ke yintoni na uyibhekise. Umgama ukusuka incam ngomnwe eliphakathi ukuya engqinibeni - ke ubude umlinganiselo wakho ngamnye.