EThintelweyo IsiNgesi kunye yezoqoqosho Petti Uilyam: engobomi, iimbono kwezoqoqosho, iingcamango, imisebenzi

Petti Uilyam (1623-1687 gg.) - IsiNgesi ngezoqoqosho, sesayensi sobulumko. Waba dumeke xa Wakhonza Oliver Cromwell kunye IsiNgesi Republic. Le Isazinzulu liqulunqe iindlela ezisebenzayo beya kulibhala ilizwe eyayibekelwe nokudliwa. Emva Cromwell wawusebenza phantsi Charles II kunye noYakobi II. Iminyaka eliqela wahlala kwiPalamente yaseBritani. Noko ke, owaziwa kakhulu iimbono kwezoqoqosho Uilyama Petti. It wothulelw lwela siseko bayise-nokuhamba kwezopolitiko karhulumente.

Uilyam Petti: biography

Future ezaziwayo-kakuhle yezoqoqosho dosmitovskoy era wazalelwa kwintsapho abathungi. Wakhula umntwana zindwebile kwaye zihlakaniphile, kwaye ngo-1637 ndafumana umsebenzi inkwenkwe kwindlu enqanaweni. Kungekudala, Noko ke, waziqhekeza umlenze wakhe waza wabeka elunxwemeni e eNormandy. Emva koko nyaka Petti Uilyam wafunda Latin waza wazenzela utitshala IsiNgesi ukuba nabantu basekuhlaleni. Emva koko wabuyela eNgilani. Ngeli xesha, i yezoqoqosho elizayo esele osazi kakuhle isiLatin, isiGrike, isiFrentshi, kwimathematika nesayensi. Emva xesha lifutshane inkonzo kwi Navy, waya Holland, apho waba nomdla nokwakheka. E Amsterdam, uWilliam ifumene unobhala ka Hobbes, elathi ukuba uqhelane kunye Descartes, Mersenne kunye Gassendi.

Ngowe-1646 wabuyela eNgilani waza waqalisa ukufunda amayeza kwiYunivesithi Oxford. Wakwazi zizakhele kwaye Patent ngokwabo umatshini yabo ukukopa, kodwa ukuseka yokuthengisa kwakhe akuphumelelanga. Ngowe-1652 wathabatha ikhefu lokungabikho waya Ireland ukuya umkhosi Cromwell kaThixo. Wahlala epalamente, wakhonza ookumkani ababini. Emva 1660, unyaka umdla zenzululwazi luyekile physical sciences lezentlalo. Ngowe-1667 watshata Elizabeth Waller. Economist wafa ngo-1687 e-London, apho wabuya Ireland ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.

imibono zoqoqosho

On iithiyori zenzululwazi waphenjelelwa imithombo ezimbini:

• Thomas Hobbes. UWilliam unobhala wakhe ukuba ixesha elithile kwaye ukhumbule kakuhle iimfuno kakhulu- 'uxolo yoluntu intabalala eziphathekayo. " Ngoko ke, uninzi lobomi bakhe ayifunayo umthombo nempumelelo Ireland.
• Frensis Bekon. Le Isazinzulu kwavunyelwana ukuba imathematika intuition kufuneka ibe sisiseko zonke Sciences enengqondo. Ngoko ke, izinto zazo lwenzululwazi, wayesoloko wafuna ukufumana izalathi oluninzi. Oku kunjalo, ebizwa indlela yokalo emileyo ezopolitiko.

Uilyama Petti udla ngokubizwa ngokuba wokuqala lokwenyaniso Scientist-yezoqoqosho. Ubunzulu yophando lwakhe uyibeka ngaphezu Thomas Mann, uYosiya kwabantwana Dzhona Lokka. umsebenzi Petty kaThixo ngaphambi uqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Bakhe imibono ingcono-ezinxulumene ngokuhlahliswa, ubutyebi yesizwe, ubonelelo ngemali kunye izinga lotyalo-mali wayo kwegazi, iindleko, amaqondo enzala, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye norhulumente. UPetty, ngowokuqala Wamelana iimbono mercantilist. Wayekholelwa ukuba isiseko kweendleko nayiphi na imveliso kufuneka isekelwe kuzanywa ukuba umsebenzi wayo kwimveliso. Ubutyebi belizwe, ngokwembono yakhe, ayikho kuphela igolide nesilivere, kwaye kuyingozi nje kuphela yokunqongophala kwemali, kodwa kwintsalela yabo.

Irhafu, izibalo kunye accounting bahluphekayo

Kumaxesha uPetty ingqiqo lubalaseleyo eNgilani kwaba mercantilism. England ilwa Holland, kwaye ke imali kuyimfuneko. Ngoko uPetty benza kufuna imigaqo echanekileyo irhafu. Babemele ukunceda ukugcwalisa zengcebo emfazweni. UPetty wakhetha iinkalo ezintandathu zokuqokelelwa. Wayekholelwa ukuba kufuneka rhoqo kunye bakulindele. UPetty wakhuthaza nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu ngohlobo nje kuphela amatye anqabileyo, kodwa imali. Lo mgaqo mnye uya kusetyenziswa ekubaleni bahluphekayo. Wayekholelwa ukuba ubutyebi urhulumente kuphela zagolide nazasilivere zodwa; imali. Ngokutsho izibalo yakhe, ingeniso yesizwe eNgilani 1660s yaba ukuya kwizigidi 667 neekhilogram.

La manani uPetty wasebenzisa ezomhlaba ezilula. Noko ke, ngaloo mihla kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Phantse akukho mntu phambi kwakhe zange ukusebenzisa izikhombisi zamanani. data Census, kwaye nkqu Ireland, kwaba nzima gqitha ukufumana. Ngoko ke, uPetty weza indlela yabo zokukala inani labantu. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukwanda nge-30% kwi ezithunyelwa kukhokelela ekwandeni umlinganiselo kubemi, yaye umntu omnye amashumi amathathu kufa kunyaka ngamnye. Ngoko ke inani eliqikelelwayo labantu eLondon. Kulo lonke eli lizwe, ngomhla kwingcinga uPetty abantu izihlandlo ezisibhozo ngaphezulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ndlela seyihlatywe amadlala ngexesha yomphefumlo sisazinzulu.

Theory yexabiso kunye nomdla

Petti Uilyam yayiqhubeka mpikiswano eqaliswe Aristotle. Waqhubeka ingcamango yexabiso, leyo yayisekelwe kwimithombo bachithe kwimveliso. Uthe ngaphandle zinto zimbini: umhlaba kunye nabasebenzi. Bobabini aba umthombo nokudalwa yengeniso irhafu. UPetty wayefuna ukwenza inxaki, isiphumo eza kuba nexabiso elichanekileyo kwempahla. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo Kwakhona ingqalelo intsebenzo iyonke. UPetty isicelo imfundiso yakhe ixabiso nendlela ekubalwa ngayo yerente. Ngokuphathelele kwenzala, ngaloo mihla, abaninzi ingqalelo isono ukuze bafumane inzuzo. Noko ke, uPetty akazange avume lo ukutyhilwa kwalo. Yena wazisa ingqikelelo umvuzo ngokuyeka ukusebenzisa imali mboleki.

zisekelwe kumgaqo Management noninterference

Enye into ebalulekileyo eye yaphakanyiswa umsebenzi wakhe Petti Uilyam, nguye kwintanda-bulumko bayise-nokuhamba kurhulumente. Apha wathembela kumgaqo yezonyango non-uphazamiseko umsebenzi umzimba usempilweni. Wasebenzisa baze bodwa, nokuba ukulawula ukuthunyelwa kwemali, kwaye lokuthengisa impahla. Wayekholelwa ukuba ummiselo urhulumente wenza okubi ngaphezu okulungileyo.

Uilyam Petti: theory

Ngexesha lakhe, ISAZINZULU waphethukela kwiindawo ezininzi ngoqoqosho elizayo. Imisebenzi zingafunyanwa kwi iimbono Uilyama Petti irhafu ubalo-manani bahluphekayo, ubonelelo ngemali kunye uqina ejikeleza, le ngcamango ixabiso kunye nenzala, ulawulo, imithetho lwemali exchange kunye norhwebo, ingqesho epheleleyo, ukwahlulwa yabasebenzi kunye nezinye izihloko ezininzi. iingcamango zakhe zaba iimbono zoqoqosho ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Ngandlel 'ithile, abalandeli bakhe ezifana iingqiqo ezinkulu njengoko uAdam Smith, uKarl Marx kunye Dzhon Meynard Keyns. kwiindawo kakhulu ezibanzi umdla ziye zanceda uPetty ixesha elide kuhlala ezifanelekileyo.

Works kwelifa

Uilyam Petti - ngumseki kunye nelungu le-Royal Society. Waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ngembali kwezoqoqosho kunye nezibalo. Umsunguli ndlela mihla zobalo - yi Uilyam Petti. Iinkqubo imisebenzi zenzululwazi ziquka:

• "Imbali phezu Irhafu kunye Imisebenzi" (1662).
• "Izibalo Political" (1676).
• Verbum Sapienti (1664).
• "Political Anatomy of Ireland" (1672).
• "Kwi Money" (1682).
• "Isincoko phezu esele abantu" (1682).