Ben Bernanke kunye neembono zakhe kuqoqosho

Ben luxolo Bernanke wathabatha phezu njengosihlalo weBhodi ye neyamabamba Federal Reserve System 01.02.06, ngokubuyisela oko Alana Grinspena. Congress wagqiba njalo kuba Bernanke wayesazi emali inkqubo ibenegalelo Enkulu Depression, baza bakholwa inflation targeting.

umphathi crisis

Ukuze kuthintelwe yaphambana ehlabathini nisaqala ingxaki yebhanki, iye wadala iqela izixhobo ezintsha ezityetyisiweyo.

Bernanke wakhokela US Federal Reserve, xa waba nendima entsha ukuba enze, umzekelo, wasindisa Bear Stearns kunye inshorensi nyama- AIG, lubanike $ 150 billion uncedo. Ukumisa panic jikelele, i-Fed ngoceliweyo kumaziko zemali $ 540 ezigidi.

UBen Bernanke (umfanekiso esithathwe kamva kweli nqaku) nayo kwabeka ukwandisa ukusebenza kurhwebo evulekileyo, xa kukodwa ukunciphisa amazinga enzala akwanelanga ukuba aphelise kwintlekele ngo-2008. Phithi umgaqo-nkqubo kwehliswa kwesantya senzala ixesha elide kwaye andise elifutshane.

Ben Bernanke ehla njengentloko ye-Fed kaThixo kaJanuwari 31, 2014 yena indawo wayesakuba ngusekela yintloko Federal Reserve Dzhenet Yellen, ngubani na livelana nemithetho yakhe.

Kubalulekile ukuba US kuqoqosho

USihlalo we -Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke waba uxanduva lokulawula US yomgaqo-lawulo wemali. Ukubaluleka kwendima ye-Federal Reserve liye landa kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, njengoko bazixakekisa kwamatyala esizwe ulawulo omkhulu-nkqubo karhulumente. Njengoko ummeli Federal Reserve Bernanke waye ingcali oyintloko noqoqosho lweli lizwe, kunye namazwi akhe baba nempembelelo istock market kunye dollar. Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe njengosihlalo we-Federal Reserve System wayengoyena mntu ubalulekileyo eUnited States ngoko kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.

Ibambela Usihlalo Federal Reserve

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inkcazelo kunye nokuphunyezwa komgaqo wolawulo-mali iye yaba iKomiti Federal kwimisebenzi rhwebo, usihlalo Fed ngokwemveli ihamba phambili. Ekubeni wamiselwa iminyaka emine, kulindeleke ukuba uzimele ngaphezu kwigosa elinyuliweyo ngubani onoxanduva wabavoti. Oku kuvumela i Fed kusebenza kwixesha elide, kunokuba oyenzayo iingcinezelo zopolitiko zexesha elifutshane. Tools i-Fed, ezifana imali federal rate, senze ngokucotha, iinyanga ezintandathu. Uqoqosho US ifana inqanawe enkulu kufuneka ngendlela eqhubela phambili. Umgaqo wolawulo-mali "stop-hamba" kubangela ukungaqiniseki, obengowabaya unobangela le nangqesho ka-1970.

Crisis ka 2008 emzini

Ukuba Bernanke i ngobuchule kakhulu isicelo izixhobo ezifumanekayo kuye. sihlalo Previous lodwa mali federal izinga - ukhulisa ukuba ayeke emali okanye kwehliswe ukunqanda recession. Kweli xesha ukususela kuSeptemba 2007 ukuya kuDisemba 2008 Bernanke ngamandla kwanciphisa izinga amaxesha-10 ukusuka 5.25% ku-0%.

Kodwa akwanelanga ukubuyisela amatyala beebhanki, woyika emva yokwendalo mortgages Mzansi. Ezi mboleko ziye ngokutsha kwaye athengiswe njengoko izibambiso mortgage-backed kangaka unzima mntu ngenene akazange azi lowo namatyala amabi.

Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki baye bayeka siboleka elifutshane elide, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno engumbeko Fed kaThixo. Ukusabela Bernanke ngayo, zabo ekhululekile bewuhlisele kwenzala, yaye ekugqibeleni, uye wanikwa mboleko ngefestile isaphulelo.

Xa oko akwanelanga, ngoDisemba 2007, wadala mali TAF ngalo i-Fed rhiye iibhanki iibhiliyoni zeerandi, ukuthatha njengoko kwamatyala izibambiso embi. TAF wayefanele ukuba ibe ngumlinganiselo wexeshana de amaziko zemali musa ukubhala amatyala amabi, kwaye kwakhona aqale uboleke omnye komnye. akazange Xa oku kungenzeki, i TAF wawusondela ezinkulu, efikelela incopho $ 1 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ngo-Juni 2008.

Usindiso yenkqubo mali yehlabathi

Bernanke ubesebenza iiBhanki ezingoovimba ehlabathini lonke ukubuyisela okuhlawula amatyala, xa iimarike credit ebesoyika. Wandisa overnights kunye nemigca credit sesithi elifutshane elide yenzelwe ukugcina wakwa-US imali xa ukurhweba namanye amazwe kwi-180 ezigidi zeerandi. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba iibhanki baqalisa nokungoyiki imali lelonani. Boyika ukuba uboleke omnye komnye kuba babengafuni ukuba ahlale zivela mortgages Mzansi.

Ngo-Apreli 2008, i-Federal Reserve USihlalo Ben Bernanke yabamba kweseshoni yayo yokuqala enkulu yeminyaka engama-30 yokugqibela ukuqinisekisa mboleko Bear Stearns ukuze JP Morgan unako ukuthenga kubo. Kuyenzeka ukuba uphephe kwendlao kwi mali ka-10 ezigidi zeerandi, eyeye Bear Stearns, kunye neebhanki baye bakwazi iinyanga eziliqela ukuba uncwine isiqabu. Ngexesha macala onke II. Ngo-2008 uqoqosho wakhula, yaye abaninzi babecinga ukuba intlekele yaba ithintelwe.

Kodwa ngoSeptemba 2008, inkampani yeinshorensi inkulu ehlabathini AIG isaziso ungonakala kunokwenzeka. AIG Worldwide inshorensi mboleko mortgage ngezigidi zeerandi. Ukuba inkampani aluphumelelanga, bekuya kuba buhlungu yebhanki nganye, ingxowa-mali ngothango kunye mali yomhlalaphantsi njengento yexabiso waba izibambiso mortgage-backed. Bernanke Wathi AIG inkxaso Bamqumbisa kunayo nantoni na ngexesha uxinzelelo. AIG ngafaka kwimveliso non-ngokomthetho, ezifana segazi credit default, esebenzisa abemi policyholders imali.

ukugxekwa

bemithetho abaninzi noqoqsho wagxeka i "Helicopter Ben," kuba inaliti kuqoqosho zezigidi ezininzi zeerandi, leyo engase kunokubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye ukwenyuka kwetyala. Abanye icala oko kukuba nje akazange kwangaphambili recession. Yena wabekwa lokufihla ulwazi malunga iibhanki ezifumene ukuya ku $ 2 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi-mboleko TAF. Nothengisayo Ron Pol nabanye baye wabiza uphicotho Fed ukubonisa єtih amagama finansovіh amaziko. Ben Bernanke, nokubuyekezwa apho mthetho abaninzi neze kakhulu, wazibeka ukufumana kwakhona ukuqeshwa ngoJanuwari 2010. Kodwa Obama wakwenza ngayo lula.

Life emva komhlala

Kungekudala emva kokuba incwadi iinkumbulo malunga ntlekele kunye neziphumo zayo yokurhoxa, umbhali kwawo uBen Bernanke. "Isibindi Umthetho" ichaza ixesha lwengqesho yakhe kwentloko Fed, kwaye iqulathe ukuvuma ukuba asiyo Republican kuba ndandidiniwe "ukuthambekela amalungu eli qela intswela engasekunene." Ngokutsho kwakhe, namhlanje a yokucinga eliphakathi kunye nezizimeleyo bahlala njalo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukongeza, nguye umbhali weencwadi ezininzi kuqoqosho, kuquka:

• "Imiphumo Non-lawulo wemali yeengxaki zemali andise Enkulu Depression"
• "Uqoqosho of the Great Depression"
• "Inflation targeting: Izifundo of International"
• incwadi "Uqoqosho" (Ben Bernanke, Endryu Abel).

NgoFebruwari 2014 waba lilungu yekhethelo epheleleyo Brookings Institution. Icebisa Hutchins Centre wokwazisa uluntu malunga umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kunye monitarnoy kwaye ikhuthaza ukusebenza kwayo.

UBen Bernanke: biography

Bernanke wazalwa ngomhla 13/12/53 e Augusta (GA), waza wakhulela Dillon (South Carolina). uyise kaBen yaba wemithi, nokuba ngunina - utitshala.

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-12, waphumelela ukhuphiswano spelling karhulumente ulwazi. Wayebafundisa ngokwakhe calculus umahluko nengxam, ekubeni lo mbandela ebengekho esikolweni sakhe. Ben nomdlalo altsaksofone.

Waphumelela Faculty of Economics e Harvard University (1975) kwaye wafumana Ph.D. kwakhe MIT (1979).

Ben Bernanke kunye nomfazi wakhe Anna babetshatile May 29, 1978 Baya wayenabantwana ababini.

Waqala ukufundisa Economics eStanford University, apho wafika wasebenza 1979-1985, ngokulandelelana. uprofesa Full, waba ngowe-1985, xa wafudukela kwiYunivesithi Princeton, waza wasebenza nje unjingalwazi makhaya eNew York University kunye mit. Uye ashicilelwe ngokubanzi ngemiba eliqela imiba yezoqoqosho, xa Vol. H. On kwezihloko Uqoqosho lwesizwe, umgaqo wolawulo-mali, i-Great Depression kunye nomjikelo yeshishini.

Wafumana Guggenheim Fellowship kunye Foundation Sloan, yaye ngowe-2001 waba umhleli we "Economic Review American". Kunyaka olandelayo wamiselwa lilungu leBhodi i-Fed ngayo leeRhuluneli, kwaye waziwa ngenxa yophando lwakhe olunzulu kunye bokuphathisana xa izimvo kwahluka phakathi kwabalawuli. impembelelo Bernanke yezopolitiko kwabonakala ekuqaleni 2005 xa wamiselwa USihlalo uMongameli Board kwimiba yezoqoqosho.

Ngo-2009, "Ixesha" iphephancwadi wamthiya igama Man woNyaka.

ifilosofi

Ben Bernanke yaba ngaphantsi phandle kwe kaGreenspan, ngubani rhoqo wathetha kwizihloko ezinganxulumananga umgaqo wolawulo-mali, kuquka izimvo kwi eshotayo yohlahlo lwabiwo-amanxeba irhafu. Kwakhona waba mxhasi elikhutheleyo selubala i-Federal Reserve System, leyo iyayahlula ngokucacileyo ukususela "fedyaza" kaGreenspan, ngubani wayedla kwiimarike hayi overreacted ukuba izimvo zakhe.

Umthombo lolwazi, nto leyo evumela ukufumana imbono malunga bulumko lobuqu, zikhuthazwe Ben Bernanke - iincwadi kunye yezoqoqosho izimvo.

inflation targeting

Ben Bernanke, i-Fed itshintshe ixesha kaGreenspan waqalisa ukuseka ekujoliswe lwamanani kwamaxabiso. Nangona kwiibhanki ezininzi zaseYurophu, kuquka i-Bank of England ne -European Central Bank, zizibekele iithagethi ezithile, eUnited States ayizange, kwaye kaGreenspan akazange lweli ndlela.

Ngemihla okuqala Bernanke ezi yantlukwano ezisisiseko bulumko okuloba kunye kaGreenspan wawuxhokonxa emarikeni. Ukuba nokwenzeka yokufudukela umgaqo-nkqubo ukujoliswa unexhala abanye abahlaziyi, njengoko kaGreenspan zange wazama ukugcina ukubheja esiqinileyo. Le ubuqhitala bokoyiswa lwapheliswa xa Bernanke wayeka wavakalisa amanani ezithile.

Ukususela ngoko uye waqhubeka umgaqo ngokuphandle ngakumbi Fed, ingakumbi xa ekupheleni kuka-2007 landa nezihlandlo kuqikelelo. I-Federal Reserve waqala ukuzivakalisa Ingxelo yekota ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye namaxabiso, xa kuthelekiswa edlulileyo achazayo wesiqingatha-sonyaka. Kwakhona layigubungela kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu-, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka emibini eyadlulayo.

deflation

Isifundo Benom Bernanke le-Great Depression wafaka kuye umdla ubomi kwi ifuthe deflation kunye nefuthe layo kubomi babantu. Kwakhona wafumana nenzondo enamandla deflation kunye nogxininiso olungamandla kuthintelo yayo.

iimvakalelo zakhe ngale icaciswe xa ngoNovemba 2002 wanikela intetho osihloko sithi "Deflation:. Indlela ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwalo" Wabhekisela ingcamango ngezoqoqosho Milton Friedman malunga esasiphosa ngayo imali kuqoqosho ukuya ntaka. Ukwandisa isambuku yemarike ngokwandisa ukufumaneka kwemali kubaboleki kunye namazinga enzala asezantsi ngenxa eboleka ukukhula kunceda ukuvuselela uqoqosho imise uxinzelelo deflationary. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yentlanganiso, kwaba ukubonisa uthotho lwezixhobo Fed ukuba unayo yayo, phantsi kweemeko rate zero.

emali

Ngoxa zokunqanda uxinzelelo deflationary ngokwandisa ubonelelo ngemali yoko kwamaxabiso ngokucacileyo, oko akuthethi akuthethi ukuba Bernanke phantsi kwamaxabiso. Wayezixhasa naye kujoliswe ukuze alondoloze amanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu kwaye uzinzile ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho oluzinzileyo.

UBen Bernanke (ikhadi virtual): ncomo

Igama ngezoqoqosho owaziwayo bazisa inkqubo zemali ehlabathini jikelele ukusuka ntlekele, akazange asilele ukuba niwaxhaphaze nabakhohlisi. "Total" ngenxa 444 engange, athembise ukuba loo msebenzi wokumkani amawaka 2-59. Engange. Imiyalelo zihamba kunye ividiyo, nto leyo ethetha Ben Bernanke. Iimephu Virtual, ncomo apho zifumaneka kwi-intanethi - inkqubo etsalwe yobuqhophololo ukusuka abemi nje nantoni na. Kwaye akukho ngaphezulu.

Ben Bernanke - Economist - ezazi kakuhle iziphumo Great Depression, enye intlekele zemali US inkulu, kunye nesimbo sakhe lenzeka kwiminyaka yomsebenzi kwi-Federal Reserve System. ukuqeshwa kwakhe yaqhubeka ikhondo ebekwe yi ezihlangwini zakhe, yaye yafunyanwa kakuhle kwiimalike zemali, ukususela ukuqhubeka usihlalo Fed kubalulekile ukuba azinze.