Evolution eziphilayo - imbali ...

Uphuhliso yembali zasendle kwenzeka ngokunxulumene nemithetho ethile, kwaye iphawulwa ingqokelela iimpawu ngamnye. impumelelo Biology kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 wakhonza njengomqathango kulwenziwo kwesayensi entsha - eziphilayo zazivelela. Kwangoko kwaduma. Kwaye oko kubonisa ukuba zazivelela eziphilayo - kodwa inkqubo deterministic lakho nophuhliso iintlobo ngamnye kunye noluntu lonke - abemi. Senzeka semvelo koMhlaba, echaphazela yonke iqokobhe layo. Eli nqaku liza kugxininisa nendlela ukufunda iingqiqo eentlobo kunye imiba kwindaleko.

Imbali umbono yendaleko yophuhliso

Science sele iwupasisile indlela enzima ukubunjwa iingcamango bulumko malunga neendlela ezenza uhlobo iplanethi yethu. Baqalisa iingcamango ngendalo oluvakaliswe C. Linnaeus, Cuvier, uCharles Layeleem. Hypothesis lokuqala yendaleko eyenziwa sisazinzulu Lamarck isisiFrentshi "Ifilosofi Zoology 'yakhe. nomhloli IsiNgesi Charlz Darvin lokuqala kwinzululwazi wacebisa ukuba zazivelela eziphilayo - yinkqubo ngokusekelwe yokwahluka kwemfuza zivunywa. Isisekelo sayo umzabalazo yobukho.

Darwin wayekholelwa ukuba ukubonakala utshintsho rhoqo kweentlobo sisiphumo lohlengahlengiso kwabo utshintsho rhoqo ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo. Umzabalazo ngenxa yobukho, ngokutsho nzulu, umzimba yiseti ubudlelane kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kwaye isizathu yayo siyifumana ekufuneni bezidalwa eziphilayo zokunyuka kwamanani abantwana baze bandise zokuhlala. Zonke ezi zinto kunye kubandakanya zazivelela. Biology, beBakala 9 abathe bafunda eklasini, ucinga iinkqubo ukwahluka zivunywa yemfuza kwi "kwemvelo".

Uphuhliso hypothesis Synthetic zehlabathi organic

Ngexesha ubomi Charles Darwin iingcamango zakhe ziye wagxeka linani abaphengululi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezifana F. Jenkin kunye noMnu Spencer. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, ngenxa uphando ngokukhawuleza yemfuza postulating imithetho yofuzo Mendel kwaba lula ukwenza hypothesis zokwenziwa of zazivelela. Kwiincwadi zakhe sasichaza ezifana izazinzulu dumeke njengoko S. Chetverikov D. Haldane kunye C. Reid. Bamela ukuba zazivelela eziphilayo - isenzeko inkqubela eziphilayo, eba aromorphoses ifomu, idioadaptatsy echaphazela inane eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokutsho lo mbono, ezo zinto amaza ubomi kwindaleko, kokushenxa yemfuza nesizungu. Akha uphuhliso zembali wendalo kubonakala kwiinkqubo ezifana speciation, zazivelela kunye zizivelela. Le imibono yesayensi ngasentla angamelwa njenge summation lolwazi zofuzo, zona umthombo yokwahluka kwemfuza. Njengoko kwakunye neembono labemi, njengeyunithi noshowo uphuhliso ngembali lweentlobo.

Yintoni imeko-bume yendaleko?

Eli gama kuthiwa biogeocenotic inqanaba lombutho zasendle. Oku kwenzeka iinkqubo zizivelela echaphazela bakuyo olulodwa lwento. Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuvela zenyathi ezintsha iintlobo. Apha, kukho iinkqubo ezikhokelela inkangeleko zohlaza - kwisizukulwana, iintsapho kunye neeklasi. Bengabakho zazivelela. Vernadsky zophando ezingqina ulwalamano olusondeleyo onke amanqanaba mbutho lomba abahlala umhlaba onokuphila, ukuqinisekisa into yokuba biogeocoenosis - okusingqongileyo kweenkqubo mvelo.

Ngelo uvuthondaba, oko kukuthi, kukho eziphilayo oluzinzileyo, apho kukho iintlobo ezininzi inane iiklasi ezininzi, iinguqu ngenxa zazivelela lwesihloko. Iintlobo zezi Biogeocenoses ezizinzileyo ebizwa tsenofilnymi. Kwaye kwiimeko ezingazinzanga zale nkqubo, kukho izinto zazivelela hoywa phakathi yeplastiki eziphilayo, i njalo-ebizwa tsenofobnyh iintlobo. Ukufudukela kwenye izilwanyana nabantu ezahlukeneyo zohlobo olufanayo ukutshintsha kwamachibi abo sofuzo siwuxabhele nezihlandlo kukuvela ngezakhi ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko uthi eziphilayo mihla. Le Ukudaleka kwihlabathi eziphilayo, nto leyo iya kuqwalaselwa kuthi ngezantsi, kungqina oko.

Izigaba zophuhliso wendalo

Abaphengululi ezifana S. Razumovsky kunye V. Krasilov wabonisa ukuba izinga ngendaleko yohlobo wezo uphuhliso olungalinganiyo. Zizinto utshintsho kade kwaye phantse imperceptible kwi Biogeocenoses esitalini. kabukhali Bona olukhawulezileyo ngamaxesha iingxaki zokusingqongileyo .. iintlekele ezenziwe Man, zomkhenkce ukunyibilikisa, etc. umhlaba onokuphila mihla likhaya malunga nezigidi ezi-3 iintlobo eziphilileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo izifundo Biology (Grade 7) ubomi babantu. Evolution lenyama, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata i ngokuthe ubuxhakaxhaka le yokujikeleza kwegazi, izifo, iinkqubo luvo izilwanyana.

Iintsalela zokuqala eziphilayo ezifumaneka ematyeni awenziwa ludaka Archean. ubudala babo malunga 2.5 billion ubudala. I eukaryotes kuqala wavela ekuqaleni ngexesha Proterozoic. iinketho kunokwenzeka ukuba imvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular uchaze yeengcinga zenzululwazi fagotsitelly Mechnikov kunye gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution eziphilayo - yindlela wendalo kwezo fom ubomi Archean kuqala kwiintlobo enezityalo nezilwanyana yeXesha Cenozoic mihla.

iingcamango Modern malunga ngendaleko kwezi zibakala

Bathi iimeko ezibangela utshintsho encomekayo kuzo eziphilayo. kweejini lwabo kakhulu ikhuselwe kwiimpembelelo yangaphandle (conservatism zofuzo echibini a species). ulwazi ilifa zisenako ukutshintsh gene chromosomal zofuzo. Le ndlela - ukufunyanwa lweempawu ezintsha kunye neepropati - kukho ngendaleko kwezilwanyana. Eziphilayo ekufundwa ngayo kumacandelo afana nokwakheka nothelekiso, biogeography kunye nemfuza. Veliswa njengomba yendaleko, kubaluleke kakhulu. Inika utshintsho izizukulwana kunye ekuqhubekekeni yobomi.

Man and the Biosphere

Kwiinkqubo zophuhliso lwe kweqokobhe Umhlaba kunye nomsebenzi geochemical ze eziphilayo ukufunda biology. Kwemvelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo iplanethi yethu unembali ende neznye. It waphuhliswa Vernadsky kwimfundiso yakhe. Yena usungule igama elithi "noosphere", ukuqonda phantsi kwawo kwempembelelo abazi (yengqondo) of ezenziwa ngabantu kokusingqongileyo. Living ndaba, zifakiwe kuzo zonke iqokobhe umhlaba, Kuchaza kwaye ichaza lo mjikelo mba kunye namandla.