Amasuntswana intsebenziswano magnetic

Eli nqaku liza khangela into ebizwa amandla endalo - ukuhlangana esisiseko kagesi kunye nemigaqo apho yakhiwe. Kuya kubaliselwa isizukulwana ngayo kungenzeka abe khona iindlela ezintsha isifundo esi sihloko. Esikolweni kwiiklasi physics, abafundi ezijongene ingcaciso ingcamango "amandla". Bafunda ukuba amandla nga obungafaniyo kakhulu - awona mandla frictional, amandla womxhuzulane, luthambe kunye namandla efanayo abaninzi. Ayizizo zonke kubo ekunokuthiwa esisiseko, njengoko rhoqo isenzeko kwemikhosi lesibini (amandla frictional, umzekelo, kunye intsebenziswano lunalo iimolekyuli). Intsebenziswano magnetic kungaba zamabanga - njengesiphumo. Ezinto Physics ucaphula umzekelo Van der imikhosi Waals. Kwakhona inika imizekelo emininzi kwaye ezinesiqalelo yamasuntswana physics.

Kwindalo,

Ndingathanda ukuya kakuhle iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwindalo, njengokuba kusenza sisebenze ukuhlangana electromagnetic. Yintoni kanye kanye le amandla esisiseko egqiba zonke kwakhiwa imikhosi yayo yesibini? Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba intsebenziswano magnetic, okanye, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba, amandla ombane kubalulekile. Oku kungqinwa umthetho Coulomb kaThixo, eye gabalala yayo ephuma kwizibalo Maxwell. Akutsha nje ukuchaza yonke yendalo imikhosi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane. Yiyo loo nto ke kwaba ukuba intsebenziswano kwamabala kagesi - amandla esisiseko endalo. Lo mzekelo ulandelayo - amandla womxhuzulane. Nabantwana besikolo uyazi umthetho gravitation jikelele Isaaka Nyutona, naye kutshanje ndafumana gabalala efanelekileyo kwizibalo Einstein, yaye, njengoko imfundiso yakhe womxhuzulane, amandla intsebenziswano magnetic kubalulekile kwindalo, kakhulu.

Kudala-dala kwakukholelwa ukuba kukho ezi imikhosi zimbini zisisiseko kuphela, kodwa inzululwazi beza phambili, ngokuthe ngcembe engqina ukuba akunjalo. Umzekelo, kunye kokufunyanwa ngumongo atom kwafuneka ukwazisa isigama samandla enyukliya, okanye indlela ukuqonda siseko ukugcinwa amasuntswana ngaphakathi ngumongo, kutheni kubaleka kuwo onke amacala. Ukuqonda indlela intsebenziswano magnetic kwindalo, iye yanceda ukulinganisa amandla enyukliya, ukufunda kwaye nokuchaza. Emva koko, ke, beza izazinzulu wafikelela kwisigqibo ukuba amandla enyukliya ezizisekondari obubonakala ezininzi ezifana Van der Waals amandla. Enyanisweni, imikhosi kuphela ngokwenene esisiseko ezinika quarks banxibelelane nabanye. Emva koko - isiphumo zamabanga - kukho intsebenziswano phakathi amasimi umoya le protons kunye neutron kwi ngumongo. Ngokwenene esemqoka impefumlelwano quarks, gluons komunye. Athotywa yafunyanwa kwindalo ngokwenene ungamandla lesithathu esisiseko.

Ukuqhubeka ibali

Esezantsi amasuntswana ukubola, enzima - phezu lighter, kunye nokubola yabo ichaza amandla omtsha intsebenziswano magnetic, ekuthiwa kakuhle - amandla intsebenziswano ibuthathaka. Kutheni amahlwempu? Ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka magnetic kwindalo inamandla kakhulu. Kwaye kwakhona, kwafumaniseka ukuba le ngcamango leendibano babuthathaka, ngoko kamnandi laqalisa kwi umfanekiso ehlabathini ekuqaleni ngokugqibeleleyo ichaza kuwohloka amasuntswana sabaqalayo, musa zibonise postulates efanayo, ukuba amandla inyuswe. Kungenxa yoko le nto ingcamango indala yasefama iphinde yakhiwa ngokutsha ukuya kwenye - ingcamango intsebenziswano amandla, kwaba eli xesha ukuba yonke. Nangona yayakhiwe oko ngemigaqo efanayo njengoko zihamba ngako nezinye thiyori echaza intsebenziswano magnetic amasuntswana. Kule mihla, kukho ezine bafunda nezingqinekayo unxibelelwano ezisisiseko, kwaye sesihlanu - endleleni, ngaye uya kuza. Zonke ezine - omxhuzulane, womelele, ababuthathaka, kagesi - zakhiwa kwi umgaqo elinye: amandla eyenziwe phakathi kweengqakumbana sisiphumo ukwabelana Kwaqaliswa carrier, okanye ngenye indlela - imbambano intsebenziswano.

Luhlobo olunjani nomncedisi? Le photon - ngaphandle yamasuntswana ubunzima, kodwa kunjalo ngempumelelo kwakha uphazamiseko magnetic ngenxa unokuyitshintsha umyinge we amaza okanye umyinge ukukhanya. Intsebenziswano magnetic ikhutshwa phandle photons entsimini bamasuntswana icala, nto leyo ukunxibelelana nomkhosi othile, njengoko ixesha, imphathe umthetho Coulomb kaThixo. Kukho omnye massless yamasuntswana - gluon, liye iintlobo ezisibhozo, kuyanceda ukunxibelelana quarks. Le intsebenziswano magnetic yi ndanditsaleleka phakathi iintlawulo, yaye kuthiwa komelela. Ewe, kwaye ke intsebenziswano amandla ayikho ngaphandle njengabalamli, ngayo intsimbi amasuntswana esinobunzima ngaphezu koko, ukuba omkhulu, oko kukuthi enzima. Oku bosons vector eliphakathi. esikalini ubunzima kungenxa yobuthathaka intsebenziswano. Lamandla ungamandla kokutshintshiselana quantum intsimi omxhuzulane. Oku nokutsala intsebenziswano magnetic amasuntswana, kusesemini akwanelanga ngaye, nokuba graviton ngokomfuniselo ungekabikho elibhaqiweyo, nondiliseko quantum thina kakhulu apho, yaye nje kuba kufuneka uchaze ukuba asikwazi okwangoku.

amandla yesihlanu

Siye ingqalelo iintlobo ezine leendibano esisiseko: Yomelela, ababuthathaka, umoya, omxhuzulane. Intsebenziswano - sisenzo of exchange kwamasuntswana, yaye akukho ingcamango macala ayikwazi ukukwenza; ngokuba akukho ngxoxo ukuba sinxulumana nayo. Oku kugqiba inani kwamasuntswana kunye nobunzima babo. Ngenxa lohlukanisa ngqo ubunzima isoloko zero. Ngoko ke, lo photon yaye ingqimba gluon akakho, ilingana zero, lo graviton - kakhulu. Ukuba lohlukanisa Maze ubunzima liyayeka ukuba nothi. Ngoko ke, i inyathi wesangqa esiphakathi yokunikana, kuba isimetri yaphulwe. Le ntsebenziswano ezine ezibalulekileyo wachaza konke ukuba sibone kwaye uzive. Izinto eseleyo bathi nokuhlangana lwabo kagesi kulandela. Noko ke, ngo-2012 kwabakho idabi kwinzululwazi yaye uyaziwa omnye yamasuntswana, kanye Yaduma. A revolution kwihlabathi lwezenzululwazi walungelelanisa ukuvulwa Higgs boson, leyo, njengoko kanti, naye ukhonza njengomthuthi Uthethathethwano phakathi quarks kunye leptons.

Yiyo loo nto izazinzulu-zesayensi ngoku kuthi ukuba kukho amandla yesihlanu, umthetheli leyo yajika kuba Higgs boson. Lohlukanisa owaphulelwa apha: ukusuka Higgs boson inobunzima. Ngoko ke inani leendibano (ilizwi isuntswana physics lwale mihla indawo elithi "amandla") lifikelele ezintlanu. Mhlawumbi silindele ukuba izinto ezintsha, kuba asiyazi ncam ukuba kukho na ngaphandle kwezi ndibano. Kunokwenzeka ukuba sizakhele, yaye namhlanje kulo mzekelo, kubonakala ngokugqibeleleyo uchaza yonke ngezenzeko iqatshelwe ehlabathini, yaye ayikho kakhulu ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye mhlawumbi, emva kwexesha elithile kuya kubakho unxibelelwano ezintsha kunye namandla entsha. Amathuba ezinjalo kukho ubuncinane kuba ngcembe ndafunda ukuba zaziwa ngoku intsebenziswano ezisisiseko - strong, ababuthathaka, umoya, omxhuzulane. Ngapha koko, ukuba kukho into kule yobume amasuntswana supersymmetric, nekuxoxwa ngazo kwihlabathi lwenzululwazi, oko kuthetha ubukho macala entsha, kwaye macala usoloko ibandakanya ukuvela ngamasuntswana ezitsha ukulamla phakathi kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, siva ukuba amandla ngaphambili ayaziwa esisiseko, njengokuba kanye wamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba kukho, umzekelo, umoya, intsebenziswano buthathaka. Ulwazi malunga nemvelo yethu ayiphelelanga kakhulu.

nokunxibelelana

Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba na intsebenziswano entsha kufuneka nakanjani kukhokelela into engaziwayo ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba wayengazange wafunda intsebenziswano buthathaka, asisoze ndafumanisa ukuwa, yaye ukuba wayengekho ulwazi lwethu ekonakaleni, akukho ukufunda ngeeatom bekuya kuba nzima. Kwaye ukuba ebesingabuphawuli reactions zenyukliya, ukuba uqonde indlela ilanga likhanya phezu kwethu. Ngapha koko, ukuba akazange lingaphumi, Azitywine, kwaye abazange kuyilwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngoko ke, ukuba ubukho intsebenziswano kubonisa ukuba kubaluleke gqitha. Ukuba ayisekho ukuhlangana eyomeleleyo, yaye nuclei atom kwakungayi kuba izinzile. Ngenxa intsebenziswano magnetic Umhlaba ifumana amandla avela elangeni, nakwimitha ukukhanya ukufika kuye, sifudumeza umhlaba. Kwaye zonke iintengiselwano ezaziwayo kubalulekile. Apha Higgs, umzekelo. Higgs boson ibonelela yamasuntswana mass ngokudibaniselana endle, thina ngaphandle kwakungayi kuba zisekhona. Yaye, ngaphandle intsebenziswano omxhuzulane ukuba ahlale phezu kobuso planethi? Bekuya kuba akunakwenzeka nje kuphela, kodwa akukho nto konke konke.

Ngokupheleleyo zonke ezo ntsebenziswano, nkqu nabo ukuba akukabi ukwazi, umele ukuba yonke into abantu uyazi, uyaqonda kwaye uyakuthanda apho. Yintoni siyazi? Ewe, a lot. Ngokomzekelo, siyazi ukuba Proton uzinzile kwi ngumongo. Kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu kuthi, le ukuzinza kwalo, kungenjalo ngendlela efanayo angekhe kubekho nto iphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, amalinge bacebisa ukuba ubomi Proton - ixabiso ixesha elilinganiselweyo. Long, Kakade ke, 10 ³⁴ iminyaka. Kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba kungekudala isiba mbi, kwaye Proton, yaye oku kuya kufuna amandla ezintsha, oko intsebenziswano entsha. Against protons ukubola sele lukhona theory ithathe isidanga entsha, ngaphezulu kakhulu-macala, ke ngoko, intsebenziswano elitsha khona apho asazi nto.

yokuhlanganisa Grand

Umanyano imvelo umgaqo kuphela zolwakhiwo zonke iintengiselwano ezisisiseko. kuphakama imibuzo emininzi ngokunxulumene nenani kwabo kwaye uchaze izizathu zokuba eli inani ethile. Iinguqulelo yakhiwe apha abaninzi, yaye zahluke kakhulu izigqibo ekufikelelwe. Cacisa ubukho nje inani enjalo leendibano angundoqo kuzo zonke iindlela kunokwenzeka, kodwa umgaqo enye yokwakha ubungqina. Soloko ngeentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo leendibano, abaphandi bazama ukuba badibane elinye. Ngoko ke mibono kunye mbono ezibizwa Emanyeneyo Grand. amasebe umthi World ungathanda: inani amasebe, kwaye isoloko isiqu efanayo.

Kungenxa yokuba kukho zonke ezi ngcamango wenza mbono. Le yingcambu yazo zonke iintengiselwano ezaziwayo eyodwa ekondleni somthi, apho kungenxa ilahleko wolingano- waqala lwamasebe ngaphandle kwaye kwasekwa unxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo esibalulekileyo, esimele bagcine ngokomfuniselo. Le hypothesis ayikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa noko, kuba ifuna physics amandla aphezulu kakhulu, imifuniselo ingafikeleleki namhlanje. Yinto enokwenzeka kakhulu, yaye esi khetho ukuba andizange alinalo kwezi amandla. Kodwa le umqobo kungenzeka kakhulu.

ngaphandle

Sinento wendalo, namafutha zendalo, kwaye zonke iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kuyo, kwenza kube lula ukujonga nezona yeengcinga kakhulu ebhegini malunga iingcambu eziqhelekileyo zonke iintengiselwano ezaziwayo. Omnye umsebenzi umdla kukuqonda Uthethathethwano kwindalo mhlawumbi ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda ukuba babalise indlela womxhuzulane namanye amandla endalo. Oku intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo limi njengoko ngokwahlukeneyo, nangona ngokutsho siseko kokwakhiwa kwale mfundiso efanayo kubo bonke abanye.

Einstein wafunda ithiyori womxhuzulane, ukuzama inxulumene electromagnetism. Nangona ubunyani elibonakala ukusombulula le ngxaki, ke inkolelo nangoku akukenzeki. Ngoku uluntu uyazi isuntswana kakhulu, ubuncinane siyazi malunga ukudibana abakwazileyo ukuzenza nezo bawe. Ke ukuba ngoku ulwakhiwo ngokupheleleyo ingcamango enobunye, ngokuqinisekileyo oko kuya kuchaphazela kwakhona ukungabi nalwazi. Kuze ayiphumelelanga ukubeka womxhuzulane belingana nabanye ntsebenziswano, ekubeni bonke bathobele imithetho inyanzeliswe physics quantum nondiliseko - akukho. Ngokutsho theory quantum, zonke zibe ufaka kwinkalo ethile. Kodwa bekukubi quantum ayikho, ubuncinane okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, inani leendibano kakade uphinda ukuphisa akuyi kuba yintoni na icebo elinye.

endle electric

Emva ngo-1860, unyaka weshumi elinethoba yamachiza ngenkulungwane James UMabhalane omkhulu UMaxwell waphumelela ekudaleni ithiyori ukuchaza induction electromagnetic. Xa kukho utshintsho lo mhlaba otsalayo kwi indawo ethile emajukujukwini esigangeni yombane. Ukuba le mhlaba ufunyanwa umqhubi evaliweyo, kuFacebook ngoku aqukuqela endle yombane. imfundiso yakhe amasimi kagesi Maxwell ingqina ukuba inkqubo umva kusenokwenzeka: Ukuba utshintsho xesha entsimini yombane kwindawo ethile isithuba kuya kufuneka zibuthe. Ngoko naluphi na utshintsho kunokubangela i ezahlukahlukeneyo intsimi sombane, kwaye afumane utshintsho nokuxuba yombane mhlaba otsalayo ngexesha zibuthe. Ezi izinto, ukujikelezisa ngamnye eminye yimihlaba eziququzelelwe yi endle enobunye - kagesi.

Isiphumo esisesona ebalulekileyo lulandelayo ifomula theory Maxwell kaThixo - kwingqikelelo yokuba kukho amaza, ngamanye zandise intsimi magnetic ngexesha kunye nendawo. Umthombo yasendle magnetic ukuba ihamba kunye neentlawulo lunikezelo yombane. Ngokungafaniyo ive (elastic) amaza nga basasaze kuyo nayiphi na into, nkqu vacuo. ukuphazamiseka magnetic e vacuo Ukhuthaza ngesantya sokukhanya (c = 299 792 eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana ngamnye). Ombala zinokuba nomahluko. amaza ukusuka amawaka alishumi iimitha ukuya kwiimitha 0.005 - oku amaza erediyo asetyenziswa ukuba nokudlulisela ulwazi kuthi, oko kukuthi uphawu kumgama othile ngaphandle zonke iingcingo. amaza erediyo obuyiyile rhoqo ngoku eziphakamileyo aqukuqela kwi-eriyali.

Yintoni ke amaza

Ukuba ubude kwimitha magnetic isusela ukusuka 0,005 micrometer lokulinganisa 1, ngamanye amazwi abo abakulo kuluhlu phakathi ebonakala kunye nonomathotholo amaza - na infrared. kukhutshwe zonke imizimba zakhe shushu: iibhetri, izitovu, izibane zigqengezelayo. izixhobo ezizodwa ukuguqula infrared ningene ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo, ukufumana imifanekiso yezinto ayikhuphi nto, nkqu ebumnyameni ngokupheleleyo. ukukhanya Ebonakalayo ikhala ngendlela ngamaza neenanometer 770 ukuya 380 - umbala ujika obomvu purple. Le nxalenye spectrum analo ubomi bomntu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba inxalenye enkulu ulwazi malunga ihlabathi esilufumana umbono.

Ukuba radiation magnetic unalo kwamaza ngaphantsi umbala omsobo kukukhanya yelanga esibulala iintsholongwane. -X ray alibonakali iliso. Kwaba ngenkankulu ukufunxa ukukhanya maleko ebonakalayo ngaphaya ezibonakalayo. X-ray kwafunyaniswa ukuba izifo ngamalungu angaphakathi zabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuba radiation magnetic wenziwa ngu impefumlelwano amasuntswana cebetshu ezintweni nuclei yimincili ezifunyenwe radiation gamma. Le uhla kakhulu ngokubanzi kwi spectrum magnetic kuba kuphela amandla aphezulu. Gamma radiation ingaba athambe kwaye ezinzima: Utshintsho kumandla ombane phakathi nuclei atomic - soft, kwaye abasabela zenyukliya - ziqinile. lula Ezi reyi nizidilize iimolekyuli kunye neempawu eziphilayo. ulonwabo olukhulu ukuba umoya gamma awukwazi ukungena. Qwalasela gamma evela emajukujukwini kunokuba. Xa amandla aphezulu kakhulu intsebenziswano magnetic Ukhuthaza ngesantya kufutshane ekukhanyeni: wesigrike athom ufaka iyasilwa nucleus, ukuqhekeza kubahlisela amasuntswana, uchithachitha kumacala ahlukeneyo. Xa elekhtrons, wenze ukukhanya, ebonakalayo ngeeteleskopu ezizodwa.

Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo - elizayo

amaza, njengokuba kuthiwe, kwaxelwayo Maxwell. Wafunda ngenyameko yaye wazama ukukholelwa kwimathematika imifanekiso obonisa kancinane Faraday, ngomhla apho nesenzeko Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane bachazwa. Yaba Maxwell wafumanisa ukungabi macala. Kwaye ukuba akwazi ukungqina inani kwizibalo ukuba alternating zombane kubekho isininzi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye vice. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba bakholelwa ukuba amasimi kunye ukhipha ukusuka izinikezeli azamazama kwesincedisi ngesantya ethile ingxilimbela. Kwaye ke Ndiyaqonda. Speed wayesondele trohstam amawaka eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana.

Nantso ithiyori intsebenziswano kunye nokuhlola. Umzekelo ukuvulwa apho safunda ubukho amaza. Kulo beza kunye ngoncedo physics iingqiqo owahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo - ubutsalane kunye nombane, njengoko yinkolelo ngokoqobo ngendlela efanayo, nje kumacala ahlukeneyo kuyo sele kunxibelelwano. Ulwazi zilungiswe omnye emva komnye, yaye bonke izalana ngokusondeleyo omnye komnye: kwithiyori yentsebenziswano electroweak, umzekelo, apho kwindawo echazwe amandla buthathaka yenyukliya umoya, njl Konke oku idibanisa chromodynamics quantum, eziquka unxibelelwano olomeleleyo electroweak (apha, ukuchaneka ngelixa aphantsi kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka). Ngokunzima bafunda imimandla yemvelo ezifana womxhuzulane quantum kunye nethiyori umtya.

iziphumo

Kubonakala ukuba indawo esingqongileyo kwakugcwele ngokupheleleyo radiation magnetic: iinkwenkwezi ilanga, inyanga kunye nezinye imizimba yasezulwini, lo ngowona Umhlaba ngokwawo, yaye zonke ifowuni ezandleni zabantu, yaye izitishi eriyali - konke oku okhupha amaza amagama ahlukeneyo . Kuxhomekeka amaza oscillations, apho imitha isixhobo zahluke infrared, unomathotholo, ukukhanya ebonakalayo, imitha bio-entsimini,-X-reyi kwaye njengazo.

Xa intsimi magnetic zikhutshwe, uba iliza electromagnetic. Kuyinto nje umthombo umthombo wamandla, nendlebe iintlawulo wombane molecule atom. Ke ukuba isigxina oscillates, eshukumayo wayo olungongezwanga, ngoko likhupha amaza. Ukuba utshintsho mhlaba otsalayo, intsimi leyo yitile ngenxa omtsha yombane leyo, nayo, Iyandonwabisa intsimi umsinga ngemagnethi. Le nkqubo iya esibhakabhakeni, esamkela ingongoma omnye emva komnye.