Ezithunyelwa Turkey ukususela eRashiya: omsebenzi osemqoka, imithetho kunye kuluhlu. Rhweba ngaphandle kwempahla ukusuka eTurkey eRashiya

2015 waba unyaka wenguquko wobudlelwane ngamazwe kwezoqoqosho phakathi eRashiya ne Turkey. Umfutho uphuhliso ungquzulwano emdlwengule imida elibala Turkish Su-24 moya Russian leyo yathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo anti-abagrogrisi Syria yaye kamva wadubula phantsi emkhosini. Isiphumo senzo Ankara yaba ukusungulwa kwezohlwayo eMoscow nxamnye iintlobo ezithile kweempahla kunye neenkonzo ngaphandle eTurkey.

izohlwayo izenzo Regulatory nxamnye Ankara zaqaliswa ngoNovemba 2015 ngengqibo uMongameli Russia. Isicwangciso esineenkcukacha ngakumbi ukuba anciphise unikezelo impahla ukusuka eTurkey ukuya Rossiykuyu Federation iye yaphuhliswa nguRhulumente kwi isigqibo esifanelekileyo.

Zeziphi izithintelo ezibekwe phezu ukuthunyelwa kwempahla Russian eTurkey

Uthintelo ezithumela kwiRiphabliki Turkey ukuya kwimveliso yezityalo Russian Federation ezichatshazelwe kakhulu. Ezi ziquka iitumato, iidiliya, tangerines, orenji, kwaneekomkomere, ikhaphetshu, amatswele, iiapilkosi, yeepesika, nabantwana, amaqunube, nestrawberry. Ukongeza, akuvumelekanga ngaphandle ityuwa, cloves (iintyatyambo), izidumbu iikalakuni, iinkukhu kunye ndibutyabeke ngomswane kubo, ukuhlafuna itshungama.

Ngo-2015, isixa esikhulu ukutya, ezithintelwe bafakiwe eRashiya, zasetyenziswa. Loo nyathelo, njengoko abaninzi, into engalunganga. Ngelo xesha, njengoko iindidi ezahlukeneyo abemi ngezantsi komgca nentlupheko, inkuku, iziqhamo citrus, ziilekese, yayithengwe eTurkey, zibhubhe nje.

Izithintelo entsimini lokuloba

Amanyathelo kulindeleke ezinokusetyenziswa ukuba noxinzelelo kuqoqosho Turkish bekukho izithintelo kunokwenzeka yokuthumela iintlanzi kwiRiphabliki Turkey ekupheleni kuka-2015. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba izohlwayo enokuchaphazela kuphela premium icandelo iimveliso lokuloba aluchaphazeli ibhaskithi abathengi jikelele.

Iindidi eziphambili kwaselwandle zivela eTurkey ukuba ganga ulwandle bream ulwandle, imihlaba lokusetyenziswa luxhomekeke ekubeni zokutyela eRashiya. Eli icandelo encinane kakhulu yemarike, ngoko ke ukulahleka Russian Federation kunye Republic of Turkey ziya kuba ncinci.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Turkey intlanzi kumazwe eRashiya akayeki, nokuphuhlisa ubudlelane orhwebo kule nkalo.

Ukubuyisela Republic of Turkey

Njengoko izithintelo kumazwe ebekwe yi-Russian Federation of iimveliso kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu umthamo ezithunyelwa Turkish eRashiya, enobulungisa ukuba ulindele impendulo Ankara amanyathelo izinto zasekhaya. Ngapha koko, uzilawula kwezoqoqosho kula mazwe esekelwe kubudlelwane kumazwe-import eyinzuzo elinganayo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Turkey ukwayo ukuziphindiselela nxamnye Russian Federation akangenanga. Esi sikhundla Ankara othetha kuqheleke ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunokwenzeka.

Rhweba ngaphandle kwempahla ukusuka eTurkey eRashiya

Ziziphi ibonwe lwenziwa ngo-2015, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla Turkish ukuya emarikeni Russian? Imveliso esuka eTurkey eRashiya (uluhlu lwempahla) lunikiwe apha ngezantsi:

• isabelo Ingonyama ngayo ukuthunyelwa kwempahla Turkish zenza iimveliso zokutya kunye nezinto zolimo ekrwada - ngaphezu kwe-30% yenani lilonke ezithunyelwa Turkish ku Russia (iziqhamo citrus, amandongomane, iitumato, imbewu kajongilanga).
• Yesine imveliso kumazwe angaphandle Turkish akhawunti iimveliso izithuthi (iimoto kunye nezincedisi).
• Malunga ne-20% kokuthunyelwa ohlala iimveliso textile (impahla, izihlangu).
• Umlinganiselo kweekhemikhali ubume kumazwe yi-12% (iimveliso zeplastiki, iisepha kunye iisepha).
• iimveliso Metal lithunyelwa ngayo isixa-mali esilingana ngeepesenti ezintandathu.
• Izimbiwa kunye nemveliso yazo nokuhlala 2% yabo bebonke.

Ezithunyelwa eTurkey Russia

Le ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe angaphandle Turkey ukusuka eRashiya amandla. I-Russian Federation iminyaka emininzi ndise imiqulu kakhulu yerhasi ukuya kwintsimi Turkish. Enyanisweni, eRashiya "lugubungela" 60% azo zonke iimfuno zamandla. Ankara akanamdla ukutshintsha imeko, kuba ngelo xesha elinye linokuthenjwa kwaye imithombo elinako ukuzihlawulela iSebe eli hlobo amafutha ayikho. Gas intsebenziswano phakathi States ezimbini ibe ethembisa kakhulu. I-Russian Federation uceba ukwakha umbhobho eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi khange iqalile.

Indawo yesibini kuhlala unikezelo kumazwe hot-liqengqiwe kwaye zimisela ngaphezulu kwe elinethoba ekhulwini yokungenisa iyonke Turkey metal. Kule ndawo, Turkey ngoJanuwari kubanjwe uphando anti-inkunkuma, iziphumo lwazo beengxelo isiphumo ukuba iinkampani Russian metallurgical ukuba ukulahlwa kwimarike Turkish. Le meko kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwe ukhuphiswano abenzi asekuhlaleni ngentsimbi. Ngokutsho steelmakers Russian, loo ukumangalela zifamanqe masikhokelwe imeko esibi yezopolitiko.

ininzi kakhulu (ezithunyelwa kwi Turkey ukusuka Russia) kweli kwimarike okuziinkozo. Ukususela ngo-2010, iirhafu ziyahluka ngaphakathi 15-17% yenani lilonke okuziinkozo kwamanye amazwe. Nangona nzima phakathi kwamazwe amabini namhlanje evela kwamanye amazwe okuziinkozo IsiRashiya ukuya Turkey wenziwe. Zonke izivumelwano eyasayinwa ngomhla kwamanye amazwe okuziinkozo Russian zenziwa ngaphandle, koko, abantu abatsha.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubonisa ukuba ukongeza kumaqela ngentla kwempahla, ezithunyelwa kwi Turkey kweemveliso zomkhosi Russian kukwaquka, akukho ngokusemthethweni ngokubanzi, kodwa ke isabelo esikhulu ngumthamo opheleleyo. Lilonke, isabelo eRashiya ethunyelwa Turkey i-ngeenxa-10%.

Kwenzaliso kwimpixano Russian-Turkish

ubambiswano Long-term phakathi Russian Federation kunye Republic of Turkey udale isimo sivune ukwenzela iiprojekthi zotyalo-bentsebenziswano eyinzuzo macala omabini. Imiqulu mali kuqoqosho lamazwe ekuchaseni namhlanje kuqikelelwa kwi $ 500 ezigidi kunye kwicala Turkish kunye nezigidi 1,75 zeerandi evela Russian. Eyona yingxaki kuba isidumbu utyalo-mali kwicandelo amandla Russian. Inkampani "Lukoil", "Inter Rao" yaye "Rosatom" imali kakhulu kwicandelo amandla Turkey.

Ngokunxulumene ungquzulwano phakathi Russia kunye Turkey umba yingxaki le ukufunyanwa yi-Russian "Sberbank" Turkish DenizBank ngo-2012. Ekupheleni kuka-2015 igatha lwakwa- Russian of "Sberbank" iye phambili isikhundla kushishino logcino Turkish kwaye isebenza abathengi ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-5.

ungquzulwano Military enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu imeko yezoqoqosho omabini la mazwe. Sphere abachatshazelwa yi kwintshayelelo kwezohlwayo anti-Turkish, iya kuchazwe ngezantsi.

ukhenketho

KaMongameli Ndiwise unilaterally lazise de facto ban kukhenketho eTurkey. Xa kujongwa iimeko zemozulu le Turkish Republic, ithombo abakhenkethi ukusuka eRashiya kweli lizwe abangenzi kunqunyulwa kunyaka wekhalenda wonke. iilahleko ezinjalo kwishishini lokhenketho of Turkey trudnovospolnimy. Ngokwemigqaliselo yemali eli lizwe ezilahlekileyo malunga $ 10 billion ngonyaka.

Sector Construction

Indawo okhethekileyo isakhiwo ukuthunyelwa kwempahla evela eTurkey eRashiya abahlala izinto zokwakha ngokupheleleyo woyisa abathengi Russian. Kodwa ke eyona kabuhlungu yokuvalwa ngokusetyenziswa, iinkonzo zenkampani, kolawulo oluqhutywa ngabemi Turkish. Waba buhlungu ngenxa yokuba iinkampani zokwakha angaphandle zingqineke ngokwabo eminyaka ngesandla ilungileyo.

A ukuvalwa naluphi na uhlobo iinkonzo zokwakha kwiinkampani Turkish yi eziyimiqobo ophathekayo kuphuhliso ngakumbi kule nkalo eRashiya xa iyonke. Ukunciphisa into kukuba izivumelwano ezisayiniweyo kunye neenkampani Turkish de ngoDisemba 31, 2015, ziya kuzalisekiswa ngokuzeleyo.

Imiphumo nokubekwa kwezohlwayo

ubudlelwane urhwebo phakathi eRashiya ne Turkey amashumi ngokwembono yophuhliso. Le nyaniso ingqinwa yorhwebo turnover jikelele phakathi kwamazwe ezimbini esekelwe kwiziphumo ka-2014. izicwangciso ngokubanzi ukuba ukwanda kobudlelwane zorhwebo Kucingwa ngokwandisa ingeniso ukuya ku 2023 ukuya umqulu 100 ezigidi zeerandi ngayo. Kwaye kwaba wokwenene. Ezenzeka namhlanje ukuba alwenzeki ngokwanda ingeniso, kwaye ngobuso bakhe nokwehla kakhulu.

Ukuqhubela yonxulumano kwezopolitiko lwachaphazela iprojekthi kungaqatshelwanga ukwakhiwa kuLwandle Black igesi yombhobho "Turkish Stream". Iziphumo ekuqalisweni kwe ugunyaziso Russia nxamnye Turkey iza zivakale ekupheleni kuka-2016. Noko ke, namhlanje kucacile ukuba izenzo ezinjalo iya kuvumela omabini amaqela ukuba iyantluko iimarike yempahla kunye neenkonzo.

yintoni iziphumo

Buyatshintsha isakhiwo ezithunyelwa IsiRashiya ukuya eTurkey, nto leyo eyabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kuba baseRashiya eziqhelekileyo ukwayo ezinjalo ekuqaleni "omkulu phezu" kwi ukunyuka kwexabiso iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Ukongeza, amanyathelo ukuphelisa ngenkani abavelisi Turkish emarikeni yokutya kuza kulunceda ukuthutyeleziswa.

Into entle xa ewisa ukwayo kukuba yokufakelwa yandisa concurrency threshold iza kuvumela abavelisi zasekhaya ukuba iimveliso zokutya niche engenanto. Sekunjalo, kwabakho idiphozithi. Ngapha koko, iimeko zeemarike kufuneka sicinge ukhuphiswano live ukuba kudala imveliso esempilweni kunye nomgangatho.

Russia - Turkey (ongenisa - ezithunyelwa)

Xa nokuhlalutya idata kwiinyanga zokuqala ka 2016 kokuba kuchazwe ukuba ukusungulwa kwezohlwayo ukutya Turkey kwakhokelela ekwehleni in Turkish ezithunyelwa eRashiya ngaphezu kwe-64%. Kwakhona, baye utshintsho olubalulekileyo esikalini sokungena kwi Turkey kwempahla Russian apho. Ukuba ngo-2015 i-Russian Federation kwenzeka ukuzithemba kumazwe top ezilishumi ungenisa iimveliso Ankara, amazinga namhlanje lunqabile kakhulu.

Njengoko zamkelwa lisebe ziingcali Turkish, ngokonakala ubudlelwane phakathi Russia kunye Turkey ukuze kube uxabisa yesibini malunga 0.3-0.4% ye-GDP. Ukungavumeleki inxalenye Ankara ukuba phantse azikho kwa-ukubakho, kwaye eMoscow uye wabeka anemiqathango. Noko ke, wenqaba ezithunyelwa kwi eTurkey Russia.

Siyathemba ukuba kungekudala ungquzulwano yezopolitiko ziza kusonjululwa. Ngenxa yoko, imeko yezoqoqosho iya kuphucula, amazwe kunye esuka eRashiya Turkey kuhlala enye.