Ezona mpawu ziphambili zesayensi, imikhwa

Nawuphi na kuluntu, beqalela kunye nosapho kunye nesiphelo kunye nabo bonke abantu, abe nesazela lwentlalo. YeeFom amava ubabalo lwakhe, ukuziphatha, inkolo, njalo-njalo. Kodwa ke, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, omnye yeentlobo ibalulekileyo isayensi. Oku kwenza kwi uluntu olutsha nolwazi.

Yintoni isayensi

Science - akukho nto kodwa imfundo yokomoya ezintsonkothileyo ngokusekelwe kwinani imiba engundoqo. Ingcinga, iimpawu, kunye nemiba nenzululwazi ngayo ukuchaza undoqo ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ngokusekelwe imiba esisiseko inzululwazi kubonwa:

1. Inkqubo kolwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoko inkqubo yokufumana ulwazi olutsha. Lo mba ibandakanya isifundo ngoncedo obunzulu - imfundiso ulwazi ngenzululwazi. Kusebenza njengesiseko wesifundo kunye nenjongosenzi kolwazi. ulwazi lwezenzululwazi sisiphumo kolwazi injongo ngehlabathi. Injongo ngayo, kuba akukho nto ixhomekeke karhulumente kwesi sifundo.
2. A uhlobo olulodwa Outlook. Enyanisweni, le mveliso ebangelwe ngokomoya ubomi babantu, yoncedo uphuhliso yoyilo. Ukusuka lo mbono nesayensi phakathi kweemveliso ebalulekileyo wadala ngumntu njengonqulo, ubugcisa, nomthetho, intanda, kunye nabanye. Njengoko inzululwazi iphuhlisa, nayo kokwenziswa utshintsho kunye nezinye iinkalo inkcubeko. Lo mthetho usebenza kwicala umva.
3. iziko Social. Kule meko sithetha ngayo ubomi boluntu, apho inzululwazi ibonwa nje uthungelwano amaziko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumeneyo. Imizekelo zamaziko ezinjalo iiyunivesithi, amathala eencwadi, izifundiswa kunye nabanye. Baya wayethetha kwinqanaba elithile yaye benze imisebenzi efanele umsebenzi wayo indawo. Ngenxa yoko, isayensi - yakhiwe ngokucacileyo umbutho esinenjongo ukwanelisa iimfuno zoluntu.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo isayensi

Ukuze kumiselwe iimpawu yesayensi, kuyimfuneko kuqala ukuqonda undoqo kweekhonsepthi ezifana criteria zenzululwazi. Ngokubanzi, nanzo ingqalelo ngayo kwithiyori ulwazi. isifundo lwabo ngokuyintloko isekelwe umnqweno ukuchaza kwicala epistemological ulwazi lwenzululwazi, sanikwa ezineempawu ezizodwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iimveliso ulwazi. Abaphengululi yamandulo bacinga lokufumana iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwane kunye neefom ezifana izimvo, lwesimo, iingqikelelo, kunye nabanye. Kwinkqubo izazinzulu zophuhliso ziye kwakuthe iimpawu eliqhelekileyo isayensi aye anceda ngcono ukuqonda kota. Uphando wavumela ukuchonga ezisixhenxe ezinkulu.

• Uphawu lokuqala yesayensi ukuthembeka ukuvumelana ulwazi lwenzululwazi, nto leyo umahluko ocacileyo ukusuka ezingqondweni eziqhelekileyo.
• Okwesibini - ukungafihlisikuthetha, okanye ngamanye amazwi, ulwazi engaphelelanga lwezenzululwazi, oko kukuthi, utochnyaemost yayo kunye complementarity kwinkqubo ukuvela izibakala ezintsha.
• Okwesithathu - kuquka umnqweno achaze imeko, usebenzisa izibakala kunye nendlela nenengqondo ayiguquki.
• Criticality ngokunxulumene nolwazi umqondiso yesine kwinzululwazi.
• Okwesihlanu - kuyenzeka ekuveliseni ulwazi lwenzululwazi phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo ngokupheleleyo naphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ixesha.
• Iimpawu yesithandathu anesixhenxe nenzululwazi - yokuswela ulwazi lwenzululwazi, kuxhomekeke iimpawu zakho ze-nzulu kunye nobukho ulwimi lwabo, izixhobo, msebenzi, ngokulandelelana.

kudidi ngokubanzi bonke ootitshala beeSayensi

Ephendula umbuzo koko izizathu zihlelwa zenzululwazi, B. M. Kedrov wanika inkcazo jikelele. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yonke inzululwazi lungohlulwa lube ziindidi ezine. Iklasi yokuqala - i zenzululwazi bulumko, eziquka logic kunye dialectics. Okwesibini wathabatha iinzululwazi zemathematika, kuquka imathematika logic nakwimathematika. Eyesithathu - yakhula kakhulu, kuba ibandakanya inzululwazi ekunene zobugcisa kunye zendalo, uluhlu apho:

• ubucukubhede;
• isayensi;
• isayensi;
• Physics (chemical kunye ngokwasemzimbeni);
• chemistry;
• geochemistry;
• geography;
• yokwakheka komhlaba;
• eziphilayo;
• zomzimba;
• eziphilayo;
• Ukufundwa.

Kwaye ke udidi lokugqibela Kedrov ezi ezentlalo, ezo yohlulwe sub-ngokweendidi ezintathu:

1. Imbali, ezizwe, zakudala.
2. umnotho, ubugcisa, isayensi kunye imbali yezobugcisa.
3. Ezolimi, inzululwazi zemfundo kwengqondo.

Iimpawu bezenzululwazi zihlelwa ngokungqinelana yezizathu ezininzi. Avamise kakhulu isifundo kunye nendlela nolwazi phezu eyabonisa iinzululwazi zendalo (nenzululwazi yendalo) kunye noluntu (Izifundo zentlalo) nokucinga (logic). Engineering yedwa. Kakade ke, ngalinye kula maqela of Sciences kube ngakumbi yahlulwe sub-ngamaqela.

Ucalulo of Sciences ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zembali

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala umbuzo kweeklasi inzululwazi ukwahlukana ngemihla yamandulo, uAristotle wathetha. Uchaza iintlobo eziphambili ezintathu: i esebenzayo, theoretical neyobuchule. lexicographer waseRoma Mark Vorron ichazwa uluhlu eshwankathela ukuhlelwa Sciences: i ngengqiqo, igrama, ubuciko, arithmetic, geometry, umculo, ukuvumisa, ukwakha kunye namayeza. Ucalulo kubaphandi Arabhu Muslim yaba elula kakhulu kwaye ziqondakale. Athatha iindidi ezimbini Sciences - Arab kunye amazwe. I yangaphambili ziquka ubugagu kunye poetics, owesibini - imathematika, amayeza kunye neenkwenkwezi. KumaXesha Aphakathi, izazinzulu nabo wayefuna ukuba amsunduze version yayo kwelo candelo. Hugh of St. Victor, embonweni wakhe, ezichongwe amaqela ezine of Sciences:

1. Senkolelo - physics nakwimathematika.
2. Practical.
3. Mechanical - ukuzingela, ezolimo, amayeza, inqanawa, imidlalo yeqonga.
4. Logic - igrama kunye inokusebenza.

Kwelinye icala, R. Bacon yaqalisa kucalulo esekelwe amakhono engqondweni. Iqela lokuqala luquka ibali, ezichaza izibakala, okwesibini - iinzululwazi yeengcingane, nangowesithathu - ubugcisa, imibongo kunye noncwadi ngokwengqiqo ebanzi. Rodzhen Bacon wayekholelwa ukuba inzululwazi kufuneka zihlelwe ngeendlela ezine. Ngokwahlukeneyo kufanele ingqiqo, igrama, yokuziphatha, ezikhona, kwiyuniti kuphela stand - yimani imathematika nentanda-bulumko zendalo. Mathematics, ngokwembono yakhe, isayensi ezibalulekileyo indalo.

Ucalulo of Sciences izilwanyana

Ukuthetha ngenzululwazi oko yayingako imiqondiso zihlelwa izilwanyana, kumi enye inkalo ebalulekileyo - yelo uhlobo oluthile. A somhleli eyohlula izilwanyana lomqolo kunye ezingenamqolo. Ezingahlali bafunde isayensi ezintlanu ezingundoqo: ornithology (iintaka), theriology (ezanyisayo), batrahologiya (emanzini), herpetology (izirhubuluzi), yenyani (fish). Kukho amaxesha xa ngokwahlukeneyo kwabelwa isayensi lifunda obeku-, kodwa ke kwiimeko ezininzi idityanisiwe mammalogy, ekubeni obeku- yayo ngokwemvelo kakhulu ezincancisayo. Lomqolo nako wahlulelana, kuxhomekeke iimpawu inzululwazi okuyimfihlo izilwanyana. izifundo elibangela protozoology, arthropods - artropodlogiya, wazi konke malunga saselwandle esineqokobhe malacology kunye ngezinambuzane na onokumxelela ngazo zonke iinkalo ezithile zobomi zezinambuzane. Kodwa kukho isayensi idibanisa zonke iinkalo - ngezilwanyana ukuba ufunda zonke izilwanyana.

Semiotics njengenye kwezesayensi ezibaluleke kakhulu

elula ukuba kunyanga nasiphi na isifo kusekwangoko. Ukuze ukuchonga ngendlela ngexesha, kuyimfuneko ukuba esweni ngenyameko mpawu asakhulayo. Semiotics, inzululwazi iimpawu kunye mpawu zesi sifo, kubandakanyeke kakhulu kweli phephancwadi. Ibhekisela kwisenzo amayeza, leyo, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zophando lwezonyango lifunda iimpawu zezifo. Inzululwazi kweempawu zesi sifo yohlulwe eqhelekileyo kunye nawabucala. Itotali ibandakanya iimpawu ezichazayo kunye kudidi ngokupheleleyo zonke iimpawu, ngokunjalo iindlela kunye ezisebenza ukuvela ezimbi imikhosi yokukhula. Imizekelo iimpawu enjalo nangokurhala, ukonakala, ukuphela, kunye nabanye. semiotics ngokubanzi une iintlobo yayo kwangumqondiso ukubaluleka lokuxilonga:

• yezifo;
• uhlawula (ibonisa utshintsho eziphilayo kwaye zisebenza kwi substrates);
• pathognomonic;
• eqhelekileyo.

Ngokutsho ukubonakala iimpawu ixesha zahlulwe zibe phambi kwexesha nasemva kwexesha. Ngenxa yoko, inkcazo semeiology zabucala lujongana lweempawu nemiqondiso kweentlobo ezithile izifo. Wamohlwaya medical iqala ulingo lwezonyango ukufunda semiotics ye ngendlela ethile. Kukho kwakhona semiotics esekelwe ezimbi njengelifa. Njengenxalenye indawo yophando sasifunda izifo ilifa, iimpawu zabo ngezifo.

Kwi umyalelo lokukhulisa

isayensi Legal kuthiwa inkqubo ulwazi malunga karhulumente kunye nomthetho, imithetho lemvelaphi yabo, uphuhliso kunye nokusebenza. Iimpawu ze kileyo zahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu. Ukungqinelana ubizo yokuqala karhulumente le inzululwazi isicelo hlobo. Phakathi kwale ethile oko kufuneka bafunde neemfuno zoluntu, nomthetho kunye nemfundo kwakunye nokubonelela abasebenzi kweli candelo ukuze kuthi ga ngoku ulwazi ukupapashwa imithetho emitsha.

Kule yesibini kucingwa njengesibhekisa Sciences ngqo. Oku kungenxa yokuba isayensi lusekelwe kulwazi oluthile, nto leyo zibonakaliswa ngawona ngqo. Kukholelwa ukuba uninzi umthetho liyafana amayeza, njengoko bobabini zizidibanise zombini sethiyori isicelo candelo. Ngendlela efanayo ugqirha, igqwetha senze isigqibo imiba enxulumene impilo kunye nobomi. Umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni ukuba enze umsebenzi wokugcina kwimo kwi "unyango" iziphene kuluntu kunye kamoya zomntu ngamnye. Oku kubonisa iimpawu humanistic kwinzululwazi (kulo mzekelo, umthetho namayeza), nesuka kumaxesha amandulo.

Umgaqo sesithathu ubukho nenzululwazi esemthethweni kukuba layo ukuthatha ezintle Sciences kwengqondo. Le ngxelo isekelwe kwinto yokuba lo mthetho sele ephanda imiba reflection of yinyani kwi imiba yomthetho ezivelayo inkqubo ukubunjwa kunye nokuphunyezwa esebenzayo imithetho emitsha. Kungenxa yoko le nto forensics njengesinye sezifundo yenzululwazi ngokusemthethweni, ejoliswe ulwazi ngeempawu ezithile yokucinga yabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi ngokukodwa abazifumene ekuhambeni uphando.

Ngubani ukufunda elidlulileyo

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba, ngaphandle kokwazi elidlulileyo, awukwazi ukwakha ikamva. Umntu ngamnye uyazi ukuba oko wahlala emzini wakhe, ilizwe nehlabathi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ukugqithisa ulwazi malunga elidlulileyo liba kwimbali ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze nenzululwazi. Ukuba ukufunda imithombo eziye basinda ngamaxesha zangaphambili ubomi babantu, ngokusekelwe leyo umisela ukulandelelana kweziganeko. Enyanisweni, iimpawu eziphambili inzululwazi kunye indlela yayo yembali kukuba ukulandela imithetho nemimiselo ukusebenza imithombo zamabanga aphantsi kunye nobunye ubungqina eyafunyanwa ngethuba lokwenza uphando kunye nokusungulwa iziphetho ukuvumela ukubhala umsebenzi oluchanekileyo nembali. Kuba okokuqala le ndlela yasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa yi Thucydides. Le usebenza ngokungqinelana iindlela zembali eye wavumela ukuba ikheswa ngamaxesha zembali: ke, ihlabathi abangekaphuhli yamandulo, kwiZigaba Aphakathi, kwaye ngoko ke amaxesha ezintsha mihla. Kukho ezininzi lwamacandelo zembali, kukusebenza evumela nje kuphela ukubona elidlulileyo kodwa zokuceba kuyo nokunxibelelana ebantwini. Ukukhathazeka:

• Ugrumbo - inzululwazi okufumana ukufunda imithombo yokwenene elidlulileyo;
• emilibeni yokuzalwa - isifundo kobudlelwane nomini abantu;
• Ubalo - inzululwazi ukulandelelana nezenyama ziganeko zembali.

Emanyathelweni Jules Verne

Popularization lwesayensi kuthiwa nto yimbi ngaphandle lasasazwa uluhlu olubanzi abantu ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngefomathi ekhoyo-to-ukuqonda. Umsebenzi omkhulu izazinzulu kunye popularizers yi lweenkcukacha nolwimi ezizodwa lwenzululwazi ulwimi umphulaphuli, nto leyo eye abazalani kwinzululwazi. kufuneka kwakhona ukuba yome ulwazi lwenzululwazi ukwenza esibalisayo umdla kusivusa umnqweno ukuba ndibhaptize ngokwabo kwisifundo yayo.

Enye yeendlela eziphambili popularization of isayensi ingqalelo yesayensi. A indima enkulu kuphuhliso kulo mmandla kudlalwa ezazithandwa ezininzi njengoko Zhyul Vern. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ngakumbi utyala i popularization isayensi, kokukhona amathuba abantu abatsha ukuza kule ndawo. Izazinzulu ziyasokola ukulondoloza umsebenzi wabo kunye nempumelelo, kwaye uqhoboshele ngawo abaselula. Kodwa kukho umntu kwimbali, abakholelwa ukuba ulwazi lwenzululwazi kufuneka lufumaneke kuphela kubantu ababelapho umqhubi, njengoko, ngokuchaseneyo yonke intlama, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa kakuhle njani. Le mbono kwabelwana Tiho Brage. Ludwig fadeev, academician, ukholelwa ukuba ithandwe ulwazi lwenzululwazi, Kakade ke, kufuneka (umzekelo kufuneka siqonde ukuba kutheni kukho irhafu, wonke umrhafi). Kodwa kukho amaxesha ezingenako qiniseka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ri na ngoko ulwazi malunga quarks, imitya, amasimi Yang-Mills uza abantu izikhonkwane ezincinane ngenkohliso.

Science kwinkulungwane xxi

Ukuvela kwiindawo zenzululwazi ezintsha, enxulumene kakhulu kunye iinto zonke inzululwazi ukuba ezikhethekileyo ngaphezulu. Kulo mba, kule nkulungwane, eziliqela kwiinkalo ezintsha ulwazi lwezenzululwazi:

1. Neyroparazitologiya - isayensi esifunda makroparazitov abahlala ubukhulu becala imizimba usapho ikati, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukuhlala kula ezifudumeleyo-ezinegazi njengabantu.
2. Biology Quantum - Biology kwi indlela apho uluntu eziphilayo ezibonwa ingcamango quantum.
3. Ekzometeorologiya - inzululwazi zophononongo yohlobo iinkqubo ezenzekayo kummandla eminye imihlaba, ngoncedo ngeeteleskopu ezinamandla.
4. Nutrigenomics - ekufundweni yolwalamano ezimbaxa phakathi iinkqubo ze ukutya kunye ibinzana zofuzo.
5. Cliodynamics - uqeqesho yenzululwazi elihlanganisa isakhiwo entsonkothileyo yentsebenziswano macrosociology yezembali, imbali kwezoqoqosho, ucikizeko zezibalo lweenkqubo ixesha elide oluntu, systematization kunye nocazululo kwenkcazelo yembali.
6. biology Synthetic - inzululwazi ukuyila kunye nokwakha iinkqubo ezintsha eziphilayo esebenzayo.
7. kwabantu azo - inzululwazi ejolise ukufunda nesenzeko neentsingiselo kuluntu usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bee-computer ihlaziye ulwazi.
8. memetics amayeza - isiyalo lwezenzululwazi asakhasayo ukuba ufunda lo mgaqo ngokufuduswa ngezimvo ukusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, iindlela hlengiso zabo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kunye nezinye meme.