Financial ngokutsha Witte: oonobangela, iziphumo

uguquko kwezezimali Witte yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso loqoqosho of Russia kwi-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. It eyomelezile engange, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe lethu kodwa ihlabathi lonke ngokumisela exchange simahla ngegolide. Isizathu kuba xenga yenkqubo yemali eRashiya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane. Noko ke, emva kokuba "wobuyiselo" le engange iwonga loqoqosho lwesizwe wavuka kakhulu, kukhokelela ekwandeni mali kunye ekungeneni kwenkunzi amazwe.

izizathu

uguquko kwezezimali Witte kubangelwe yimfuno ukwenza lwemali oluzinzileyo, nto leyo ke kufuneka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwenzeka imibutho bodwa kwilizwe lethu. Into yokuba ngelo xesha eziphathekayo eRashiya phantsi kwempembelelo lweentsingiselo eziphambili kuqoqosho lwehlabathi yaqala ukubonakala imibutho ezinkulu monopolistic, ezifana zorhwebo kunye wabazingeli. Kuba iintengiselwano imali enkulu kufuna imali enjalo, eya kugcina ixabiso nemali.

Ekuqaleni urhulumente wazama ukusombulula le ngxaki kunye nomba ekuthiwa-mali iphepha engaphezulu, kodwa akazange ancedakale. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaba kwimfuno enkulu ukuqalisa currency yegolide. uguquko kwezezimali Witte olwenziwe imodeli West yaseYurophu. Into yokuba umgangatho igolide ithe yaziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ngenxa ukuvela imarike yehlabathi enye. Russia uxakeke kurhwebo lwangaphandle yaye, ke ngoko, kwakunye namahlakani ayo, waba soloko inkqubo efanayo lemali.

umgomo

Urhulumente tsarist unomdla ukuphuhlisa uzilawula kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Le meko yokugqibela yakuthintela kakhulu into yokuba imali engange, nangona kwakukho imali zijikwe, Noko ke, hayi wayomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba bakhonze exchange elingana.

oosomashishini bamazwe angaphandle badla mathidala ukuba bathengise amahlelo zabo, kuba bekungekamiswa exhaswa yi ngegolide. uguquko kwezezimali Witte yenzelwe lwisana umqobo kwaye ubeke imali engange belingana kunye neeyunithi lemali lase Europe. Oku ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kunye notyalo-mali kuqoqosho lwasekhaya.

amanyathelo wokulungiselela

uguquko kwezezimali Witte, umhla - 1897, zilungiselelwe yi ababengaphambi kwakhe. Bunge kunye Vyshnegradsky kakuhle ubuthathaka kwinkqubo imali iphepha wazama ukuba azise standard sisinyithi. Bobabini wayefuna ukwenza imali engange yasekhaya womelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba bacebisane ngokukhululekileyo kuphela zesilivere, kodwa negolide nayo. Ukuze kufikelelwe kule njongo nokuba bazimisele umsebenzi ukwenza unikezelo olu anqabileyo, eqhuba iinkqubo protectionist, ukwenza mboleko amazwe, ngokunjalo umda kwempahla ngokwanda.

Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokufika Witte kwisikhundla nguMphathiswa wezeMali Izinga lonaniselwano lwemali kazwelonke sele izinzisiwe. Ngomnyaka yokuvuselelwa ukuba oovimba igolide lizwe lifikelele engange ngaphezulu kwama-800 ezigidi. National Bank phantsi uMphathiswa omtsha waqamba amazwe kwaye uyeke imisebenzi kwerandi kwi engange ngetyala.

"Improvement" kuqoqosho

Ukuphunyezwa iinguqu zemali Witte yaba nokuqhubekeka endalo nkqubo ababengaphambi kwakhe, ngubani ngezenzo zabo kuba nenkanuko ngokuqinileyo le engange kunye ekumeni intelekelelo. Ngoko ke, zonke iimeko eziyimfuneko badalwa ukulungiselela ukuqaliswa kwe-standard yegolide. Istokhwe seencwadi olu anqabileyo, irhafu oluzinzileyo wotshintshiselwano, ibhajethi ibunjwe-kakuhle, uphuhliso lorhwebo basekhaya amazwe, ukusebenza elizimeleyo le-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali negalelo "wobuyiselo" yoqoqosho lwasekhaya kwaye inkuthazo itshakace ngayo kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini, obabufikelela eRashiya ekuqaleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

Policy Treasury

Sergey Yulevich Vitte iminyaka elishumi isikhundla ngeli xesha wenze kakhulu. Ngenxa yemigudu yakhe zekhapitali ukwakhiwa kaloliwe, utyikitye isivumelwano sorhwebo oncumisayo eJamani, yaqalisa iwayini yedwa, nto leyo eye yaba yinto mthombo obalulekileyo wemvula-mali karhulumente. Ngenxa yotshintsho yakhe yemali Gold turnover linyuke kakhulu, ngelixa inani nephepha yawa, leyo, Kakade ke, waphakamisa ekukhuliseni uqoqosho Russian kwimarike yehlabathi.

Sergey Yulevich Vitte upasile "ukuphucula" inkqubo yangaphakathi mali ukuba oluthembekileyo de ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngowe-1914. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi koogxa bakhe awonwabanga ukupheliswa kwegazi bimetallic kweli lizwe, njengoko uninzi lwabantu waqalisa ukuba i yokunqongophala nokoyika iiyunithi lwemali kuye kwaba nefuthe elibi amandla abo uthenga.

standard igolide

Le nto ithetha ukuqaphela igolide imali yorhwebo engundoqo amaxabiso kuphela elilinganayo. Abaxhamla kule nkqubo kukuba kaloku abawuthobeli ayenyuka. Kwimeko ukuwa kwentshukumo yezoqoqosho olu axabisekileyo lifakwa ezandleni koogxa bakhe, xa meko iye yazinza, waphinda wafaka yasasazwa. uguquko kwezezimali Witte 1897 kwaba luncedo kakhulu kuphuhliso yorhwebo langaphandle ngokunjalo ekuququzeleleni neentengiselwano intlawulo. Ukuqaliswa umgangatho negolide azonwabanga kunye nabanini kunye iindwalutho, kodwa Enterprise ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba lwasekhaya wafumana ifuthe kuphuhliso ngeendlela ezininzi ngenxa nokuthunyelwa okuziinkozo, okunyuke ezingenayo.

amanyathelo okuqala

uguquko kwezezimali Witte, oonobangela ezo zibangelwa xenga kwenkqubo wemali ka Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, kwaqala ummiselo mlawuli-1895, nto leyo ukuba ukuhlawula intengiselwano imali okanye ikhredithi iinowuthsi zegolide yelizwe indima yawo. Noko ke, amahlelo omtsha wemali baphatheka kade ingeniso. Ngoko ke, i-Bank State ligqibe ukuthenga ingqekembe zegolide ngexabiso elihle - 7 engange 40 kopecks.

Lo mqathango yokugqibela wanceda ukuzinzisa umlinganiselo phakathi iphepha kunye metal units emali. Ngo-1897, urhulumente wagqiba ukuqalisa lwemali wegolide eRashiya. Imali olu yaqala ukuba kubalwa ukususela 1897. Eyokuqala kubo emahlelweni engange-5 ne-10. Kwakhona wavelisa imperials (engange-15) kunye poluimperialy, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba isiqingatha ixabiso labo. Noko ke, kubonisa into yokuba uninzi lwabantu nangoku ezithandwayo imali yephepha, njengoko lula ukuba baqhubeke ngesandla.

imiphumela

uguquko kwezezimali Witte, iziphumo ezibe yonke omhle kakhulu imboni yasekhaya, silungiswe emfihlekweni, njengoko abaphuhlisi yayo bakhathazekile ilize iisekile enkundleni sokubala kunye iindwalutho mihlaba. Isibakala sokuba ukusungulwa umgangatho yegolide eyomelezile indawo loohlohlesakhe Russian, kunjalo, kwakhokelela ukuwa kwamaxabiso eemveliso zolimo. Emva ukulungiswa lwabasunguli yayo ngqwabalala wahlasela uluntu.

Noko ke, Witte wacela inkxaso umlawuli kunye nekomiti ezemali ekhethekileyo kwaye wenze kwamkeleke projekthi. Ngenxa yoko, le engange iye yazinza, noshishino zasekhaya ifumene umfutho omtsha kuphuhliso. Indawo loqoqosho lwesizwe emakethe zomhlaba ndomelezeka, okunyusileyo ishishini IsiRashiya ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Enye iingxaki kuphuculo kukwandisa ityala eRashiya ngenxa nokutsala eyinkunzi langaphandle, kodwa iindleko ukuboleka uwile.

Ukongeza, ngethuba zokubuyisela ukwanda impahla karhulumente ngokuthi kudale reserve yegolide kunye nokufunyanwa bobunini bakwaloliwe endlwini yobuncwane. Ngayo negalelo kwimpumelelo lwabiwo yokuluka nkqubo Witte, ngubani avume ukuba asindise ingxowamali yoluntu. Le Frugality, wayichasa umsebenzi mali, ukukhuthaza ukuqukwa lwenkunzi kwi revolution mveliso. Ngoko ke, guqula wolawulo eyomelezile uqoqosho Russian bamrholela ukuba kwinqanaba lehlabathi.