Fluoride - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu fluorine

Fluoro - chemical element (isimboli F, inani atom 9), non-metal, lalo iqela halogen kulo. Esi esebenzayo kwaye electronegative. Kwiqondo lobushushu eqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo kwemolekyuli fluorine yigesi enetyhefu luthuthu ezimthubi ifomula _F-2. Njengoko nabanye halogens, fluorine molekyuli kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye udibana nesikhumba ibangela ukutsha kakhulu.

ukusetyenziswa

Fluorine kunye nemixube yayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu t. H., ngenxa yokuba kuveliswe imithi, kwemichiza nenkcubeko, amafutha kunye zokuthambisa, kunye namalaphu. മണ്ഡലം ifildi isetyenziselwa ukuba babhale iglasi, kwaye plasma ye fluorine - kuba ukwenziwa semiconductor kunye nezinye izinto. Low lamanani F ion e intlama amanzi okusela lunokunceda ukuthintela ukubola kwamazinyo, xa ezixinene ziyinxalenye ezinye zinambuzane. iintlungu abaninzi ngokubanzi yezabelo of fluorocarbons. ¹⁸ F Isotope ngumthombo i for umfanekiso zonyango yi i ungcoliseko Itomography, neyuranium hexafluoride isetyenziselwa kokwahlulwa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium kunye bathela wabatyebisa uranium izityalo amandla enyukliya.

History of izovela

Izimbiwa equlathe iikhompawundi fluorine, ziye zaziwa iminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba kokukhululwa lwesi sakhi chemical. Umzekelo, izimbiwa fluorspar (okanye fluorite), ebandakanya calcium fluoride, kuchazwa-1530 yi-Agricola G. Gheorghiu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba zingasetyenziswa njenge wampompoza - into enceda ukunciphisa kwindawo ukunyibilika intsimbi okanye esikrwada kwaye inceda metal ahlambuluke adingekayo. Ngoko fluoro igama layo lesiLatini igama fluere izwi ( «ustrimisho»).

Ngowe-1670 Henry godu glassmaker Shvanhard wafumanisa ukuba iglasi andisayi kuze phantsi kwempembelelo ikhalsiyam fluoride (fluorspar), esiti kakubi. UKarl Scheele nabaphandi ezininzi kamva, kuquka Humphrey Davy, uYosefu-Louis Gay-Lussac, Antuan Lavuaze, Louis Tenar babezam മണ്ഡലം ifildi (HF), leyo yayifunyenwe lula ngokubaphatha Caf yagxila sulphuric acid.

Ekugqibeleni, kwacaca ukuba HF iqulethe inkalo ngaphambili ayaziwa. Le into, Noko ke, ngenxa reactivity yayo ngokugqithiseleyo ayiphumelelanga ukuba abele iminyaka. Asinto nzima kuphela ukusahlula izakhi, kodwa nangoko idityaniswe nezinye inxalenye yalo. Ukuqhela fluorine elemental ukusuka മണ്ഡലം ifildi kuyingozi kakhulu, kwaye amalinge okuqala tameke wabulala oosonzululwazi eziliqela. Aba bantu babizwa ngokuba "lamangqina fluoride."

Sokufumana kunye nemveliso

Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1886, lo usomachiza French Henri Muassanu waphumelela bucala umxube fluorine ngu electrolysis of fluoride potassium etyhidiweyo kunye മണ്ഡലം ifildi. Kuba lo nguye wawongwa 1906 Nobel Prize Chemistry. indlela yayo electrolytic isasetyenziswa nangoku namhlanje ukulungiselela ukuveliswa industrial lwesi sakhi chemical.

Ukuveliswa lokuqala omkhulu-isikali fluorine yaqala ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yena uyafuneka omnye amanqanaba nokudalwa ezabo atom kwi Project Manhattan. Fluorine lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ nto leyo, esetyenziswa ukwahlula enye kwenye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimbini ²³⁵ U no ²³⁸ nakwimiVo Namhlanje sukube UF ₆ kufuneka ukuba ufumane uranium aphuculweyo ukuba amandla enyukliya.

Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo fluorine

Xa element lwezakhi na kwinxalenye eliphezulu 17 zeqela (owayekade Iqela 7A), ekuthiwa halogen. Ezinye halogens ziquka chlorine, bromine, iodine astatine. Ngaphezu koko, F kwixesha sesibini phakathi oksijini neon.

fluoro Pure - igesi bako (chemical ifomula _F-2) kunye livumba mpawu ezinevumba leyo ibhaqe kwi iqela 20 nl ilitha nganye. Njengoko kakhulu electronegative kwaye yovukelo zonke izinto, oko ngokulula yakha ezimbaxa kunye uninzi lwabo. Fluoride yokusabela kakhulu ukuba zikhona ekwimo elemental kwaye i ngobuhlobo esinjalo kunye izinto ezininzi, kuquka lesilicon, ukuba akuna lungiselelwa okanye zigcinwe zeglasi. Xa umoya ulophu, idityaniswe namanzi ukwenza hayi ngaphantsi eyingozi മണ്ഡലം ifildi.

Fluoro, ukuthetha hydrogen ivuthe nokuba kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi kwaye ebumnyameni. Idityaniswe neziphumo eziyingozi xa idibene namanzi ukwenza മണ്ഡലം ifildi neoksijini sukube. izinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iglasi kunye nesinyithi ezicukucezwe zancinane, xa njengomlambo gas fluorine batshise ilangatye eliqaqambileyo. Ukongeza, i element imichiza yakha ezimbaxa kunye yeegesi amanene Interface, xenon kunye radon. Kodwa ngqo nitrogen neoksijini, oko akukho usabela.

Nangona umsebenzi kakhulu fluorine, siye ngoku sibe iindlela ezikhoyo ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye zokuhamba. Isiqalelo yemeile ingagcinwa kwizikhongozeli ezenziwe ngesinyithi okanye Monel (nickel-rich ingxubevange), ekubeni ezi zinto phezu kwamanzi Imichiza kwakheka unqandwe indlela ngakumbi.

Imichiza - into apho fluorine ekhoyo njengoko kwaku- kakubi ebizwayo (F ^-) udibanise kunye nezinto ezithile kakuhle ityala. iikhompawundi Fluorine kunye nesinyithi ziphakathi iityuwa kakhulu izinzile. Xa unyityilikiswa emanzini, ukuba yahlulwe ion. Ezinye iintlobo fluorine na izakhiwo, umz, [FeF _4] ^-, kwaye H ₂ F ^+.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Kukho ezininzi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo halogen, ukususela ¹⁴ F zize ziphele ^nge-31 F. Kodwa fluorine Isotope ukubunjwa iqulathe enye kuphela kubo, ¹⁹ F, equlethe neutron-10, ngoko ngokukhawuleza njengoko uzinzile. Yokufakela Isotope ¹⁸ F - ngumthombo oxabisekileyo positrons.

imiphumela eziphilayo

Fluorine emzimbeni kakhulu kwi amathambo namazinyo ngohlobo ion. Fluoridation amanzi okusela kwindawo xi inxalenye ngaphantsi kwe nesigidi ngalinye kunciphisa kakhulu izehlo yidityaniso - ngoko cinga Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences USA. Kwelinye icala, ingqokelela ngokugqithiseleyo fluoride kungakhokelela fluorosis, esizibonakalisa kwi mottling amazinyo. Le isiphumo ngokuqhelekileyo waphawula kwiindawo apho nesiqulatho element kwemichiza enikwe xi amanzi okusela idlula 10 PPM.

Elemental fluorine fluoride neetyuwa ziyityhefu kwaye kufuneka baphathe kubo ngononophelo olukhulu. Ukuchukumisa nesikhumba okanye amehlo kufuneka kuphetshwe ngenyameko. Indlela abasabela nesikhumba uvelisa മണ്ഡലം ifildi, leyo ngokukhawuleza ingena inyama ize idityaniswe kwi icalcium emathanjeni, alwenze ngayo ngokusisigxina.

Fluorine imvelo

Ukuveliswa yehlabathi yonyaka bezimbiwa fluorite ka-4 million tonnes, kwaye namandla zizonke ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke iidipozithi phakathi kweetoni kwezigidi ezili-120. Inqununu yale izimbiwa iindawo imigodi zezi Mexico, Western Yurophu kunye neTshayina.

Endalweni fluoro ezifumaneka kolu qweqwe lomhlaba apho ingafunyanwa ematyeni, udongwe kunye carbon. Imichiza emoyeni xa ukhukuliseko ngumoya. Fluorine yeyona 13 kakhulu kuninzi iikhemikhali element kuqweqwe lomhlaba - umxholo walo 950 PPM. Kwimihlaba, avareji eyavela - malunga 330 PPM. Hydrogen fluoride angakhululwa emoyeni ngenxa yeenkqubo yokutsha kolu shishino. Imichiza ukuba emoyeni, ekugqibeleni ziwe emhlabeni okanye emanzini. Xa fluorine yakha ubuhlobo kunye amasuntswana amancinane kakhulu, ingahlala emoyeni ixesha elide.

Xa umoya 0.6 ppb le element kwemichiza ekhoyo ngendlela isitshizi ityuwa kunye nemixube chlorine organic. Xa ezidolophini xi ifikelela ppb-50.

uxhulumaniso

Fluoro - yinto element, eyenza uluhlu olubanzi iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Bemithi ungakwazi esikhundleni athom hydrogen, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe nobuninzi kwezinto ezintsha. Yenza i khompawundi halogen lovukelo kakhulu kunye neegesi amanene. Ngowe-1962, Neil Bartlett synthesizes geksaftorplatinat xenon (XePtF6). Imichiza of Interface kunye radon zilungiswe. Enye ephindeneyo argon ftorgidrid, oluzinzileyo kuphela kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu.

isicelo technical

Le fluorine karhulumente atom ezinto lisetyenziswa plasma ngasekhohlo in semiconductor ukwenziwa, imiboniso panel flat kunye neenkqubo microelectromechanical. മണ്ഡലം ifildi osetyenziswa Nosipho iglasi ngokuba izibane kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Kunye ezinye iikhompawundi zayo, fluorine - indima ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni imithi, kwemichiza nenkcubeko, amafutha kunye zokuthambisa, kunye namalaphu. Zemichiza element eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela alkanes halogenated (halon), nto leyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu isixhobo kunye nokupholisa. Kamva ngokusebenzisa ii-CFC yavalwa, kuba negalelo ekutshatyalalisweni ozone kwi phezulu emoyeni.

Isalfure hexafluoride - egalelwe kakhulu, igesi non-eziyityhefu kungayanyaniswa izinto ezibangela yi greenhouse effect. Ngaphandle fluorine akunakwenzeka ukuvelisa iiplastiki kunye eliphantsi ukungavumelani kwe kunobunye, ezifana Teflon. arhente ezininzi ntlungu (umz, sevoflurane, desflurane kunye isoflurane) ezi yezabelo of fluorocarbons. sodium Geksaftoralyuminat (cryolite) esetyenziswa aluminium electrolysis.

iikhompawundi Fluorine, kuquka NaF, ezisetyenziswa toothpastes ukwenzela ukuthintela yidityaniso. Ezi izinto ezidityaniswe kwinkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi kamasipala fluoridation amanzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba igalelo kwimpilo yabantu, lo mkhwa zinokuphikiswa. Xa lamanani aphezulu NaF isetyenziswa njenge zinambuzane, ingakumbi ngokuchasene amaphela.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, Imichiza kusetyenziselwa ukuzinciphisa lobushushu ephuphumayo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye sisimbiwa, nokwandisa imveliso yabo. Fluoride - wenkqubo yinxenye ebalulekileyo ngokuveliswa uranium hexafluoride, esetyenziswa ngokuba ukwahlula izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yayo. ¹⁸ F, the Isotope radioactive kunye nesiqingatha ubomi imizuzu 110, ikhuphe positrons kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa i zonyango mhlobo Itomography.

Iipropati Physical of fluorine

iimpawu lokwandlalela imichiza yile ilandelayo:

• 18.9984032 atomic mass g / Mol.
• Uqwalaselo yekhompyutha 1s 2 ^{2 2 5} _2p.
• Igcwala isimo -1.
• Density 1.7 g / l.
• 53,53 lobushushu kwawe K.
• K. Iodine 85,03
• 31,34 Ubushushu umthamo J / (K · Mol).