Kutheni kucebisa uranium? Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo

Eli nqaku lixelela malunga nokuba kutheni inzuzo ye-uranium, ukuba yintoni, apho ichithwa khona, isebenzise kwaye yintoni inkqubo yokucebisa iqukethe.

Ukuqala kwexesha le-athomu

Into efana ne-uranium iyaziwa kubantu abavela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kodwa ngokungafani nexesha lethu, basebenzise kuphela ukwenza i-glaze ekhethekileyo yeekeramics kunye neentlobo zepeyinti. Ukusetyenziswa kule njongo yendalo yendalo ye-uranium oxide, idipozithi zayo zingatholakala kwiindawo ezininzi kwii-continent zonke zelizwe.

Kamva kamva, amakhemikhali abe nomdla kule nqaku. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1789 isazi senzululwazi saseJamani uMartin Klaprot sakwazi ukufumana i-uranium oxide, ekhoyo kwiiparitha zayo yayifana nesinyithi, kodwa ayenjalo. Kwaye ngowe-1840 umpempi waseFransi uPeligo wenyusa i-uranium yangempela-insimbi, isilonda kunye ne- radioactive, eyenziwa nguDmitry Mendeleyev etafileni layo lezinto. Ngoko kutheni sifuna ukucebisa uranium kwaye kwenzeka ntoni?

Lethu ixesha

Enyanisweni, i- uranium ore yendalo ayifani kakhulu naleyo. Lawa mabala amakhulu amakhulu ombala ogqithisayo, ogqitywa kwiimigodi ngendlela eqhelekileyo - aphefumle iziqulatho zeefomethi aze azithumele emacaleni ukuze aqhube phambili. Inyaniso kukuba into engokwemvelo iqukethe 0.72% kuphela ye-isotope ye-U235. Oku akwaneleyo ekusebenziseni kwizigulane okanye izixhobo, kwaye emva koko ukukhetha ukuguqulwa kwimeko yokutya kwaye uqala ukucebisa uranium.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho iindlela ezininzi kule nkqubo, kodwa iindawo ezithembisayo kwaye zisetyenzisiweyo eRashiya yi-centrifugation yegesi.

Kwimeko ekhethekileyo yokufakela, i-uranium compound isjected, emva koko ayinakunqandwa ukuba kube nokukhululeka kunye nokwahlukana kwama-molecule emininzi emiphakeni eyenzekayo kwaye idibanise kwiindonga zegubhu.

Emva koko la maqhekeza ayahlukana kwaye enye yazo iguqulwa ibe yi-uranium dioxide - into enomdaka neyomeleleyo, ephakanyiswe "kwiipilisi" ezikhethiweyo kwaye yaxoshwa kwihovini. Kungenxa yale njongo kufuneka i-uranium ilungiswe, kuba ipesenti ye-isotope U235 ngumyalelo wobukhulu obukhulu kwimveliso, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa zombini kwiisistim nezixhobo zesikhali.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle

Ukuba sinika umzekelo olula, ngoko ukucebisa kwesi siqalo kubonakala kufana nokuveliswa kwesinyithi - kwimo yayo yangokwemvelo, akuyiyo into efanelekileyo, leyo iguqulwa ibe yinyithi enamandla ngonyango oluthile.

Kwakhona kwiphephandaba ngokuqhelekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuva ukuba amazwe amaninzi angaphuhliswayo xa kuthelekiswa neRussia efanayo bahlala becinga ukuba benze uranium ephucukileyo.

Inyaniso kukuba le nkqubo, ukuba sinika umzekelo ngegesi centrifuging, inzima kakhulu, kwaye akusiyo sonke esinokuyakha loo ndawo. Ngaphezu koko, asiyidingi into enye, kodwa i-cascade yabo yonke. Ukuze baqonde izinga labo lobuchwepheshe, kuyafaneleka ukuba bathi "le ngqungquthela" ijikeleze ngesivinini se-1500 rpm kwaye ngaphandle kokuyeka. Rekhoda - iminyaka engama-30! Ngoko ke, amanye amazwe athengi i-uranium enobugcisa eRashiya.

Uphi uranium echithwe eRashiya?

Ukuveliswa kwe-93% ye-uranium ore eyenziwa kwiTransbaikalia, kufuphi nesixeko saseKrasnokamensk. Kwaye kuphuculwa uranium eRashiya kuveliswa nguJSC TVEL.

Isicelo

Ngenkqubo yokuguqulwa kwintsebenziswano ebenzileyo, saqulunqa, kodwa kutheni kuyadingeka? Siza kuhlalutya izikhokelo ezimbini ezisisiseko.

Eyokuqala, ke, iicrosoft reactors. Banikeza umbane kwizixeko ezipheleleyo, ukutya okuzimelayo ukuze zihlolisise iindawo ezikude zendlela yethu yokukhanya kwelanga, zimi kwiimpawu zokungqambela, iinqwelo zokuqhaqha amanzi, iinqanawa zophando.

Okwesibini, ezi zixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Inyaniso kukucacisa - i-uranium kwiibhokhwe sele ingasetyenziswanga, yatshintshwa yi -array-grade plutonium. Itholakala nge-irradiation ekhethekileyo kwi-reactors ye-uranium ephantsi.

Iingoma kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiSoviet Union kwakukho imbono yokuba izigebengu ezinobungozi okanye "iintshaba zabantu" zithunyelwa kwimigodi ye-uranium ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukuhlawulela umsebenzi wazo ogqithisileyo. Kwaye ngokwemvelo, abazange bahlale apho ixesha elide ngenxa yemiliza.

Enyanisweni, oku akunjalo. Ayikho ingozi ekhethekileyo ekusebenzeni kweso sakhiwo, i-ore yendalo ayifumaneki kakhulu kwi-radioactive, kwaye umntu, xa engenakuvulwa kwi-mine, uya kubhubha ngaphezulu kokungabikho kwelanga nomoya omtsha kunokugula kwe-radiation.

Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zengqesho ziyabavumela abasebenzi, iiyure ezingama-5 kuphela ngosuku, kwaye baninzi abasebenza apho kwiizukulwana, ukukhankanya inkolelo yezinto ezinobungozi.

Yaye ukusuka kwi -uranium epholileyo, ngendlela, yenza iinqwelo zeempahla zamagobolondo. Inyaniso kukuba i-uranium inzima kakhulu kwaye inamandla kunekhokelo, ngenxa yokokuba izinto ezinjalo ezilimazayo zisebenza kakuhle, kwaye zinepropati yokutshabalalisa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa, emva kwempembelelo engummiselo kubo.

Ngoko siqikelele into efunekayo ekuphuculeni i-uranium, apho isetyenziselwa kwaye yintoni injongo.