Ukungavumelani kwe ngokuhambisa kunobunye ize ikhawulezise

Xa iimeko ezweni naliphi ihamba emzimbeni (okanye esiza sindululo) wadibana ne-bume engqongileyo okanye iziyobisi kunye neminye imibutho. Kulo mzekelo, imikhosi kuvela ukuba ekwazi ukumelana kwintshukumo zabo. Ezi mabutho ngokuba imikhosi zochuku ukuba ukudlulisela inxalenye ye -eneji ngomatshini sesindululo zibe amandla lwangaphakathi, nto leyo sikhatshwa ngamaqumrhu Ukutshisa kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukuxabana ongaphandle nangaphakathi. Lwangaphakathi (ebizwa viscosity) livela imikhosi tangential phakathi ihamba umaleko ulwelo okanye igesi ethintela kule ntshukumo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, zochuku wangaphandle kwenzeka ukuhlangana eziqinileyo ngohlobo amandla tangential kumphezulu kunye nododobalisa intshukumo kwabo. Ngoko, ke, yahlulelwe kwii static (ukukhuhlana static) kunye kinematic. ukuxabana static ivela xa uzama ukususa isalamane umzimba omnye komnye umile. Kinematic ukho phakathi uhambisa imizimba, ndadibana nenye. ukuxabana lwangaphandle lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ukukhuhlana lothuli ngokuhambisa.

Iyintoni na intsingiselo ebonakalayo kunobunye? Iluncedo okanye iyingozi? Xa uqala kuqala, usukuzwano kuthintela kuphela ukuba banxibe iindawo machine, amavili emoto, ekuncothukeni kweentende zeenyawo yezihlangu sele bucinyiwe, njl Ke ukusekwa .. isindululo obungunaphakade nelungisa esinokubakho ngenxa yesi sizathu. Kodwa khangela ngeliso elibukhali. Ukuxabana zinyamalale - sinako analandela okanye incwadi igaqa okanye ninduluke imoto okanye ayeke ihamba. A Inani enkulu ophathekayo ehlabathini isekelwe kunobunye. Le mpumelelo ezimbini eziphambili loluntu ukuba bazilungise uphuhliso impucuko - imveliso lomlilo kunye wayila kwevili - bekungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo.

Le meko isekelwe phezu izitenxo kuzo naziphi imizimba: omnye nenotshi qha kusoloko unamathele kumphezulu uburhabaxa enye. Kuba imiphezulu esinzulu kufutshane nenye ngokugqibeleleyo egudileyo (umz, ngononophelo olukhazimlisiweyo), imithetho zochuku lwalusanda ngokusekelwe nomtsalane efanayo ye iimolekyuli.

Ukufunda ukukhuhlana isayensi tribology. Ngowe-1781, yamachiza French C. Coulomb baqulunqe imithetho esisiseko kunobunye owomileyo. Empirically, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba amandla zochuku i F, zenzeka ngexesha ukutyibilika, kuba umlinganiselo ngqo amandla emele umzimba N xi eqhelekileyo. Olu lwalamano ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

N: F k = ∙ N;

apho ubungakanani k - zochuku lomlingani (ingumlingani kisekiyo). ukubaluleka kwayo kubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Umzimba obekwe kwi-moya liyayithanda kunye tilting wavela isiphakamiso efanayo. Kulo mzekelo, umkhosi zochuku F lilingana eziqhuba P:

F = P ∙ isono;

Umkhosi N (amandla uxinzelelo oqhelekileyo) ilingana P ∙ cos a; ngenxa yoko k = kubatshaba- a. Ngumlingani kunobunye ulapha ilayini ezibambanayo kodwa azikweli angela umphezulu utyekelo apho umzimba yesilayidi ngokufanayo, okt. E. Xa ngesantya esingaguqukiyo.

Ukuziqhelisa, ixabiso layo kungabalelwa malunga kuphela. Umphezulu komzimba, ngokuqhelekileyo elithile okanye omnye ezingcolisekileyo kukho oxides, mhlwa kunye nezinye ukungcola. ukuxabana lomlingani sizimisele ukuba zizifundo pairwise zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngu ucwaningo, yaziswa iitafile ngokukodwa.

Ukuziqengqa ukukhuhlana olubangelwa kukuba kwevili achukumisayo icinezelwe kancinci kulo endleleni, okt. E. Limelwe soyise hillock encinane. I nzima endleleni, lo umncinane esigingqini kunye ukusik amandla. ixabiso layo ibalwa kulo mzekelo yi ifomula: F = k ∙ N / r, apho r - ixabiso radius kwevili. Ngenxa yoko, le zochuku lomlingani onenombolo unalo kudlale ubude. Kudla libekwe ngokweesentimitha ngokuchaseneyo sliding ivuse lomlingani, nto ke leyo inani dimensionless.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngumlingani zochuku lwangaphakathi ikhona nje kuphela eziqinileyo kodwa lulwelo. Le hydraulics kudla kufuneka ukubala ilahleko amandla ezithile kwiinkqubo hydraulic evela imboni. Ezo iintlobo ezimbini: ilahleko ubude isukela imibhobho ngqo kunye flow uniform, kunye nelahleko ekuhlaleni ngenxa - flow deformation ngenxa yotshintsho shape channel (ucutheko, ukwanda, ujikelezo). ilahleko hydraulic aye abalwe kusetyenziswa ixabiso enye, leyo ibizwa ngokuba 'ngumlingani ka' kunobunye hydraulic ".