Fullerene - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu kunye izicelo ze fullerenes

uhlobo Ezinto allotropic le carbon okanye ukuguqulwa kwayo, fullerene, - umgca elide C _{n (n>} 20) izihloko atomic, avalwa ezimacala khaxa eyakhelwe-athom carbon nokuba ubuso pentagonal okanye amathandathu (apha kukho iimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu). athom kwekhabhoni fullerenes unsubstituted badla karhulumente sp ² -Hybrid kunye nenani ukudidiyelwa 3. Ngaloo ezikhandelwa a udibaniso ungqukuva inkqubo unsaturated ngokwe nkolelo Valence bond.

incazelo jikelele

Eyona thermodynamically izinzile phantsi eziqhelekileyo uhlobo kweemeko carbon - mifanekiso, elijongeka abemaninzi enxulumene ngenkankulu omnye namanye amaxwebhu graphene: efestileni tyaba, equka iiseli ezinamacala, apho eziphezulu - atom carbon. Ngamnye kubo lu dityanisiwe athom ezintathu, kwaye Valence electron yesine yakha pi-nkqubo. Ngoko ke, fullerene - ikwayile fomu eziphilayo, oko kukuthi umfanekiso sp ² -Hybrid karhulumente okungummangaliso. Ukuba ungenise kwiphepha graphene iziphene zejometri ugcina akha isakhiwo elivaliweyo. Ngokomzekelo, iziphene ezinjalo amakhonkco-membered ezintlanu (ubuso pentagonal), ncam, kunye eqhelekileyo carbon chemistry ezinamacala amahlanu.

theorem Euler lithi ukuveliswa emacala evaliweyo kunye eziphezulu trohkoordinirovannymi kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwethula iipentagons elinambini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inani ubuso ezinamacala amahlanu. Ngenxa yoko, ubukhulu Ubuncinane i fullerene - kuba ngokusesikweni C ₂₀ dodecahedron. Kodwa esime izakhiwo efanayo, ukuba inani elincinane athom carbon liphezulu, yaye ngoko SP ² -Hybrid karhulumente nto intle kakhulu, ukususela carbon ithanda ukudidiyelwa Planar. Yiyo loo nto loo incinane ngendlela esulungekileyo fullerene layo wafumana - yi C _60, ukuba enjengesakhiwo icosahedron thumbanails rhoqo. Kuyo ubuso ezinamacala yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye lonke pentagonal. Fullerene Chemistry libiza oko yewotshi yamasiba ulawulo ekwanti, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke ukuba fullerene ukufikelela ngokwenene.

ifomula

Gidrantirovanny luchazwa C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Esi sakhiwo esibamba elide supramolecular, equka enye molecule fullerene C ₆₀ wokucima iqokobhe yokuqala amabini anesine iimolekyuli zamanzi. Le fullerene wakhe ifomula - _C-60 (H ₂ O) _24. It iqulathe weehexagons mabini iipentagons elinambini, ngaphandle efana ibhola ekhatywayo. Ngaphezu koko, inani fullerene C ₇₀ izongezo njengoko nezakhiwo eziphakathi, eya kuba zonke iipentagons zisekhusini, ayikho. Ekubeni C ₇₈ isakhiwo fullerene ikuvumela ukugcina isomers eziliqela izinzile samathambo carbon nganye. Kuthiwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho fullerenes kunye athom carbon naliphi na inani, "fullerenes ngaphezulu".

Ukulungiselelwa fullerenes yi arc kwenzeka rhoqo okanye indlela electron-beam kunye laser komphunga mifanekiso kwi-bume helium. Uthuthu lweziko, leyo lushwankathela phezu komhlaba reactor, sinyangwa refluxing benzene, toluene, xylene okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi organic. Le isisombululo ngumphunga, ekusekeni condensate omnyama, ishumi elinesihlanu ekhulwini eyenziwa C ₇₀ C ₆₀ fullerenes kwakunye izixa ezincinane kakhulu fullerenes ngaphezulu.

Umlinganiselo phakathi furellenami ezahlukeneyo zinokwahluka, kuxhomekeke parameters yokuqaphela, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ₆₀ C abakho, kuba amaxesha amaninzi enkulu. Phakathi kwezona C liphezulu _78, C ₇₆ C _84. Kulo mfanekiso jikelele kukho ukuhla umlinganiselo fullerene Yindibanisela zonke iimveliso. Oku kubangelwa, mhlawumbi, kunye namathuba eliphantsi Wahlanganisa izakhiwo ezinkulu amaqela amancinci ekuqaleni ngumphunga.

fullerenes amanzi

Eqhelekileyo kakhulu yaye bafunda ngokubanzi na _C-60, apho omnye molecule iziyobisi okunene iimolekyuli ezingamashumi amabini anesine amanzi. Le molecule fullerene has a ulingano eliphezulu, apho zonke athom alingana. ifomu yalo ungqukuva umgama ukusuka embindini eziba atomic ukuya malunga 0,36 NM kunye umgama omalunga ne-0.5 NM. Yenza crystal eziphilayo apho iimolekyuli ngobuso-wedwa emkhusaneni cc,-umaleko amathathu densest ivale ukulenza. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, C sublimes ₆₀ ngaphandle ngokwakha kwisigaba ulwelo. Best zonke unyityilikiswa izinto enuka ye uhlobo izinyibilikisi carbon disulfide, ezibandayo - mandundu kakhulu. An side ellipsoidal imilo ₇₀ C, kwakunye fullerenes eliphakamileyo iipropati emzimbeni efana kakhulu C _60.

Kwaye entsimini chemistry ukuba nesisa kakhulu ngakumbi kwaye ndinike ulowo ithuba ukufumana kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo avela zabo: Metallofullerenes, heterofullerene. Family iimveliso kubabetha bonke ekzoendralnogo (outer-) uxhulumaniso, ngokuba carbon atom nganye - site ekhoyo basabela. Ezi ngeempawu fullerenes. Bona kunye ngokwenza izinto ezintsha, athom halogen yehayidrojini, radicals eziphilayo, aliphi na imijikelo zinokwenzeka. Ngaloo wafumana izinto Polymer equlathe fullerenes multigrade ezimbaxa. ₆₀ K C uzibandakanya ukuya substituents ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa amathambo carbon. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ezifunyenwe yi C ₆₀ F _48, yaye abaninzi iikhompawundi ezifana isetyenziswa, apho isiseko are fullerenes.

isicelo

Phantse fullerenes zinomdla kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa iimpawu zazo elektroniki kungathathwa kubo nezakhi babo semiconductors. Fullerenes ngokulula ukufunxa imitha yelanga, ukuba ube nekhono electron-wokususa ophezulu. Zonke ezi iipropati kwenza kube lula ukuba isicelo nabo photovoltaic, boluvo photoelectric, izixhobo elanga Isi-electronic ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Fullerenes asetyenziswa ngayo amayeza bengabameli antiviral kwaye elwa, njengee-arhente kwi kunyango photodynamic kunye m. P.

ubuchwepheshe bale mihla baye ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukwandisa inani lilonke leeyunithi ukufumana fullerenes ngaphezulu nazo ngcono nangaphezulu kakuhle iindlela zokusebenza ngenxa unyango lwabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iindleko, umzekelo, C ₆₀ liye lehla kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo enesiqingatha (na, enashumi-nye lamawaka eerandi ezilishumi elinesihlanu gram nganye). Ngoku sijongene nemeko apho kwizicelo yokwenene mveliso kunye fullerenes ziwe mntu. ukusetyenziswa kwabo likhula yonke imihla.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga lokuvula

Fullerenes ngamagama emva wezakhiwo odumileyo yaye injineli Richarda Bakminstera Fullera, owathi ngenxa yesakhiwo owavela isakhiwo geodesic. Ekuqaleni, olu didi lwe iikhompawundi kuphela isakhiwo, kuquka ubuso emithandathu kunye pentagonal kuphela. Ukuba Ukubunjwa fullerene molecule ukongeza athom carbon zikhona izinto ezahlukeneyo imichiza, kwaye ibekwe ngaphakathi amathambo carbon, abo kuthiwa fullerenes endohedral. Ukuba atom kwezinye izinto zibekwe ngaphandle fullerenes afunyenwe exohedrally. Amagama abo, le fomu molecule hayi kakhulu khale - ngo-1985, xa kukho iqela labaphandi wenza ukufunyanwa esingalindelekanga fullerene. Small, Kroto, curl kunye nezinye ekhemisi bafunda ngababini grafayithi leyo yayifunyenwe laser ablation (zokukhanya) okuqinileyo. iincopho afunyanwa ezakhe awo nyanga ezinintsi esilingana izihloko athom carbon mathandathu asixhenxe.

Ngoko ke siya kubalwa imolekyuli C ₆₀ C _70, kwakunye hypothesis ukuba molecule yokuqala eyakhiwe elimile icosahedron thumbanails. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo _C-60 ogama bakminsterfullerenom kunye nabanye molecule - fullerenes nje.

Izazinzulu-ekhemisi zazi kakuhle bokwakha kwaye wamkhumbula Fuller, owakha sithe zinzi phezu izakhiwo - iipentagons, iihexagons uphuphu, oko kukuthi ekusekweni kobume yamathambo beemolekyuli kuzo ngokupheleleyo zonke fullerenes. Nangona kunjalo, oku - ibali umdla, hayi ngaphandle ngembali umdla. Ngomhla kungenzeka khona kwale iimolekyuli ngokukhona ngaphambili ke kubhaliwe Japan (1971), kunye isiseko sethiyori ifunyenwe yaza yapapashwa kwi-USSR (1973). Noko ke, oko Kroto, ishallow amaNcinane wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel ngo chemistry.

Nature and technology

Ukulungiswa fullerene esulungekileyo kunokwenzeka ngenxa yamazwi ngumntu. Ezi zinto Ndiyaqhubeka ngokunzima bafunda kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ukumisela iimeko kwenzeka phantsi nokudaleka, kwaye igqalwa isakhiwo fullerene kunye neempawu zazo. An endle ikhula ngakumbi isicelo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba isixa esikhulu fullerenes eziqulethwe ke uthuthu, oluthi luqokelelane kwi electrode grafayithi kwi ekubhobhozeni arc. nje Ekuqaleni le nto zange aphinde abonwe.

Xa fullerenes yaveliswa phantsi kweemeko elebhu, iimolekyuli carbon waza waqalisa ukuba andibhaqwa kwindalo. E Karelia, siye wabafumana iisampulu shungites, India ne-United States - in furulgitah. Kwakhona abaninzi rhoqo iimolekyuli kwekhabhoni awe kunye neetyuwa ezantsi, nto leyo ayikho ngaphantsi kweminyaka izigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu. On Earth fullerenes qwa kwakheke imibane kunye ukutshiswa igesi yendalo. iisampulu Air esithathwe phezu kwiMeditera, ziye zahlolwa ngo-2011, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba zonke iisampuli angathatyathwa - ukusuka Istanbul ukuya Barcelona - kukho fullerene. iimpawu Physical osisiqu ukuba ukuyilwa kulogo. Kwakhona eninzi kuwo ifumaneka isithuba - nakwimo sukube, kwaye ekwimo esiqinileyo.

yokuqaphela

Yemifuniselo yokuqala Ukuqhela fullerenes kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa umphunga incitshisiwe le mifanekiso, leyo yayifunyenwe zokukhanya lwe laser zokukhanya lwemizekelo grafayithi eqinileyo. Wakwazi ukufumana khondo kuphela fullerenes. Kuphela ngo 1990 ngu ekhemisi Huffman, iMvana kunye Kretschmer liphuhlise indlela entsha imveliso ye fullerenes imithamo gram. It kukugcina avuthayo electrode grafayithi yi i arc zombane kusemnandi helium kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo eliphantsi. Ingaba ukukhusele anode kunye neendonga kwigumbi Kwabonakala ke uthuthu fullerenes eziqulathe.

Ngaphezu koko, ke uthuthu unyityilikiswa toluene okanye benzene, kwaye nesisombululo ngenxa bema grams molekyuli ehlambulukileyo C ₇₀ C _60. Ratio - 1: 3. Ngaphezulu, isisombululo ezibandakanya oosombali enzima kunye ekhulwini ephezulu fullerenes ezimbini umyalelo. Ke kwaba lula: khetha i parameters kangangoko ukwenzela ukuba ngumphunga - ukwakhiwa yeegesi, uxinzelelo, electrode ububanzi, ngoku njalo, ukuphumeza isivuno ubuninzi fullerenes. Bathi ukuya malunga elinambini ekhulwini izinto anode elililo. Yiloo nto fullerenes ibiza kangaka.

production

Zonke iinzame ukuba izazinzulu zovavanyo ekuqaleni yaba lilize; iindlela onemveliso kwaye sitshiphu of fullerenes ezivelisa izinto. Nam idangatye elivuthayo of hydrocarbon okanye kuyondelelaniswe imichiza ayiphumelelanga. electric arc indlela iye yaba yeyona onemveliso, likuvumela ukuba ukufumana malunga yegram enye fullerenes ngeyure nganye. Le nkampani Mitsubishi liphuhlise indlela mveliso ukutshiswa hydrocarbon, kodwa bengengabo fullerenes nyulu - zinezintlu mpilo. Kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukacaci ukuba indlela ukuyilwa le nto, kuba iinkqubo arc ezi sibi kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo thermodynamic lwembono, kwaye ndivuma kakhulu abangaphangeliyo ingqalelo le ngcamango. ubungqina kuphela obungenakuphikiswa eqokelela fullerene ngamnye athom carbon, ngamanye C ₂ iziqwenga. Noko ke, umfanekiso olucacileyo ukuyilwa weli awuthunyelwanga kwasekwa.

Iindleko eziphezulu fullerene lifezekiswa hayi kuphela izivuno ephantsi xa itshiswe. Kude, ohluza, ukwahlulwa fullerenes of ezinobunzima obahlukeneyo uthuthu lweziko - zonke ezi nkqubo intsonkothe kakhulu. Ingakumbi kumayelana zibakhethe mxube amaqhezu ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, nemiqulu eselugcinwe ephethwe chromatography kwikholam ulwelo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela iintsalela wesinyibilikisi iyasuswa fullerene sele okuqinileyo. Ngokuba lo sampuli igcinwe phantsi Sivula onamandla kubushushu ngeedegree ukuya ku amabini anamashumi mahlanu. Kodwa ke inzuzo kukuba ngexesha uphuhliso fullerene C ₆₀ balamkele hi mpimo ongatshintshiyo sele chemistry zomgquba ikhule isebe elizimeleyo - imichiza fullerenes, elisuke laba kakhulu zithandwa.

inzuzo

ahlobene Fullerene zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ngeenkalo zobugcisa. Icebo kunye ziikristale fullerene - semiconductor ukuba photoconductivity phantsi zokukhanya optical. Ziikristale C _60, ukuba athom doped zesinyithi obrak, kutshintsho imo esebenzayo. izisombululo fullerene babe iipropati nonlinear enombala, kwaye ke zinokusetyenziswa njengesiseko nemivalo nako eziyimfuneko ukuze ukhuseleko kwimitha kakhulu. Kwakhona fullerene zisetyenziswa njengesixhobo ngenxa diamond yokuqaphela. Fullerenes ezisetyenziswa kakhulu eziphilayo kunye namayeza. Isebenzisa iimpawu ezintathu ezi molekyuli: kumiselwa lipophilicity membranotropnyh, elektronodefitsit ukunika amandla intsebenziswano kunye radicals simahla, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukudlulisela mpilo eqhelekileyo yimeko yabo nemincili ukuze babuye le singlet oksijini.

izinto ezifana izidubuli ukuhlasela biomolecules: nucleic, iiprotheni, lipids. iintlobo oxygen lovukelo asetyenziswe kunyango photodynamic ukuba unyango lomhlaza. igazi yomguli lokuQala photosensitizers, ivelisa iintlobo ioksijini lovukelo - eneneni fullerenes okanye nezakhi zayo. Ukuhamba kwegazi kwi thumba ithambile zomzimba ezinempilo, nangenxa photosensitizers yande kuyo, yaye emva kokuba ulwalathiso zokukhanya kwemolekyuli sichulumancile odala iintlobo ioksijini lovukelo. iiseli umhlaza sihlangabezana apoptosis, kwaye ithumba itshabalele. Ngaphezu koko - fullerenes kufuneka iipropati antioxidant kunye umgibe iintlobo ioksijini lovukelo.

Fullerene kwandisa umsebenzi integrase HIV, iproteni leyo asingethe uxanduva l okufakwa kwentsholongwane kwi-DNA ngokudibaniselana nayo ngokuguqula Ukumila, ndiwuhlutha nje naye enze umsebenzi omkhulu. Ezinye avela fullerene usebenzisana ngqo ne-DNA kwaye zinqanda restiktaz amanyathelo.

Okunye malunga nemithi

Ngo-2007, i-fullerenes ngamanzi-enyibilikayo waqalisa ukusetyenziswa nokudliwa arhente nje antiallergic. Izifundo zaqhutywa igazi lomntu kwaye iiseli ezithe baboniswa yezabelo fullerene - C60 (Net) x kunye C60 (OH) x. Ekuhloleni on eziphilayo - iimpuku - iziphumo zaba neziphumo ezihle.

Kakade, into esetyenziswa njenge kumda wesangqa unikezelo iziyobisi, ngokuba amanzi equlathe fullerenes (ukhumbule hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ ingena inwebu iseli kulula kakhulu. Umzekelo, erythropoietin - kidney ihomoni wangena ngqo egazini, kukuba zisetyenziswe isixa esikhulu, yaye ukuba usetyenziswa kunye fullerenes, kuyanda yoxinaniso ukuya ngaphezu kabini, kuba ungena iseli.