Dinosaurs bafa ngaphandle? Xa Dinosaurs saphela?

Dinosaurs - njengezidalwa yamandulo eziye zavela kule planethi malunga 225 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kangangeminyaka million 160, ezi zilwanyana alawula umhlaba. ixesha ukuphela wathatha malunga nezigidi ezi-5 iminyaka, kwaye ngoku iminyaka engama-65 ezigidi ehlabathini abasekho izilwanyana. Kukho yeengcinga ezininzi kutheni Dinosaurs wanyamalala. Safa kunye yaphela, ezi zilwanyana kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kwinqaku lethu.

Ukubonakala Dinosaurs

Umhlaba wawuhlala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kweminyaka emi-3 billion eyadlulayo. Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ukuza uhambe, kunye nenkqubo nganye inayo isakhelo yayo ixesha kunye nexesha. Dinosaurs Nadla ubuncwane emhlabeni apha era Mesozoic - i Triassic, ngamaxesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye Cretaceous.

Izityalo zokuqala elula na ulele, kunye nezilwanyana yokuqala - squid ezincinane. Imbonakalo iintlanzi ngo 500 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Bamalunga nama-370 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo zeza izilwanyana ezweni kuqala - emanzini. Izirhubuluzi - iqela elitsha zezilwanyana, nto leyo wabonakala malunga 300 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Izilwanyana ulusu enamaxolo, ukuba unako ukubeka amaqanda ukuba nihlale kulo ilizwe. Olandelayo kwikhonkco zazivelela baye baba Dinosaurs. izilwanyana eziphilayo umfutho kuphuhliso lenzululwazi ezifana kwesayensi.

Inkcazelo dinosaur

Omnye izilwanyana ezimangalisayo wayephila emhlabeni, abantu Dinosaurs. Indlela ukuba ziphele aphila ngayo, ezi zilwanyana enkulu kugwetywa kuphela iintsalela ezingamathambo. Ngokutsho ingxelo yefosili, sinokugqiba ukuba izirhubuluzi, ezifana iingwenya, amacilikishe, Ufudo ndyoka. Dinosaurs Ubukhulu liyatshintsha ngaphezulu uluhlu olubanzi - ukusuka ezincinane Anaki. Baye ke imilenze emine kunye nomsila. Emi ezihamba iidayinaso ngemilenze tye, omnye - ezisemilenzeni yayo nemazi, omnye - ngazitho zine, abanye yenza zombini amabini omzimba ezine. Dinosaurs ezininzi iintamo elide kunye amazinyo. endaweni yawo iye phambili, kodwa kwiminyaka 65,000 eyadlulayo, evele saphela.

Dinosaurs bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: Saurischia kunye Ornithischia. umahluko iqela kulwakhiwo emathanjeni zangasese. In Saurischia idayinaso isinqe structure chetyrohluchevoe, ngelixa ornithischian - trohluchevoe. Kwezinye iintlobo ornithischian lineempondo, iimpahla zakhe zokutyhomfa, nezikrweqe.

Ukuvela umdla dinosaur

Xa imi--30 kwinkulungwane XIX, oko kuqala wafumanisa iintsalela ezingamathambo dinosaur. Ngoko abembi abangazange baqhoboshele kubaluleke kakhulu kuzo, yaye kuphela emva kwexesha elithile kwacaca ukuba la matye ziphantsi zezilwanyana. Kanye lengcinga 'ledayinaso "iye yaziswa nzulu British Richard Thami phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Ukusuka Latin "idayinaso" lithetha "ezoyikekayo", "yingozi", "kak'bi", kodwa ulwimi Greek - "Umzingeli", "untulo". Ukususela ngoko, umdla kwezi zilwanyana ukhula rhoqo. Zingaphi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo iidayinaso saphela? Impendulo yalo mbuzo inikwa yi inzululwazi kwesayensi. abaphandi ukufunda silwanyana yaMandulo, obekade kwi umboniso, baba ngamaqhawe iincwadi. Kwaye nangona umdla kangaka umbuzo kutheni iidayinaso saphela, impendulo ngqo akukho.

Ixesha Dinosaurs

Ekupheleni kwethuba Permian kwaba ukubunjwa elihlala single - Pangea. Eyona uphawu eli xesha sele kukho umsebenzi lwehlabathi mlilo yokuduka malunga 90% yezilwanyana. apha naphaya Best neemeko ezirhubuluzayo ezintsha. Ekuqaleni ezirhubuluzayo Triassic wabonakala iqela ebizwa ngokuba "pelycosaur". Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-Triassic ixesha baziguqula iqela izirhubuluzi ngokuba "therapsids". Ngaxeshanye kunye therapsid liphuhlise iqela elitsha izirhubuluzi - archosaurs. Eli qela izirhubuluzi ongukhokho wazo zonke Dinosaurs, pliosaurs, crocodylomorpha, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs kunye placodont. Ezi ntlobo zilandelayo izirhubuluzi ngokuba thecodonts kwaye sele apha naphaya ubomi emhlabeni. Yaye kubo iidayinaso zabo zophuhliso. izilwanyana eziphilayo bebeziqhelanisa kakuhle awuthimba ukuma ebhudla elizweni, xa amanzi kunye nomoya.

Ngexesha Triassic, kwakukho ezi zilandelayo iintlobo iidayinaso: tselofizis, mussaurus kunye procompsognathus. Thina ukuphuhlisa bathungelane Dinosaurs yemifuno.

Izilwanyana inkulu wayephila kwithuba സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. Kweli xesha emva kwexesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe, yaqala ukuvela izilwanyana ezisentlabathini - Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, kunye nabanye.

Ngo Cretaceous olwandle kunye ulwandle ezirhubuluzayo ixhoba zande. Kukho iindidi ezintsha ze dinosaur.

Ukuphela

ixesha Cretaceous - isithuba namacikilishe isigebenga ukuchuma, umoya pterodakteley ezirhubuluzayo zaselwandle. Ekupheleni kwethuba Cretaceous, kukho kuqhekeka kwilizwekazi Pangea ajenos kunye Laurasia. sezulu Umhlaba baba iqatsela kakhulu kwi izibonda akhiwa Imikhenkce ekumiselwe kuyo incam. Kukho izityalo kweentyatyambo, kwaye yandisa inani izinambuzane.

Konke oku kwakhokelela ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezininzi, kuquka Dinosaurs. Baya musani kuba ubusuku icinyiwe, kodwa xa uqwalasela mbuso ngazo iminyaka million 160, Ukunyamalala wabo yenzekile kunokuba ngokukhawuleza. Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele eyenzeka kwixesha Cretaceous, ayide icace.

Ke ukuba bathi bonke iidayinaso saphela? Inzala ezirhubuluzayo yamandulo ngoku ekhoyo iingwenya, namacilikishe neentaka. Iintaka yokuqala ukuvela ngexesha Cretaceous, kwaye ekupheleni kwexesha sele ziphuhlisiwe buboya. Xa Dinosaurs, iintaka wathatha ikhuni yokuba izinto zazivelela.

Astrophysical wako hypothesis

Ibhanti yenye iinguqulelo ixhaphakileyo. ixesha layo ukuwa ingqamana ukuyilwa wentaba Chiksulub (Mexico, Yucatán). Ezi ziganeko zenzeka malunga 65 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha xa iidayinaso saphela. Mhlawumbi Ibhanti yabangela izenzo etshabalalisayo, kangangokuba kwakukho ukuphela abaninzi wabo bonke ubomi.

Hypothesis zokuquba ezininzi ithi zokuquba litye yenzeka izihlandlo eziliqela. Ukongeza kukho Crater Chicxulub mngxuma Shiva kwi Indian Ocean, leyo eyenziwe yajikeleza ngexesha elifanayo. Le hypothesis ichaza isizathu sokuba ukuphela kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe.

Kodwa kukho inguqulelo kuqhuma supernova kunye yokungqubana ethile enomsila kunye Umhlaba.

Yokwakheka komhlaba kunye sezulu ukuphela hypothesis

On the planet kwakukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwixesha xa iidayinaso laqala ukunyamalala. Njengokuba izilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni wokungabikho busenza ukuba ngobhalo utshintsho avareji amaqondo yonyaka kwaye ngamaxesha. abantu ezinkulu kufuneka nemozulu efudumeleyo kunye equable. umsebenzi mlilo kunokubangela inguqu kuhlanganiselo emoyeni kwaye ibangele yi greenhouse effect. ash ezinkulu mlilo isekude mlilo ebusika, oko ukutshintsha ukhanyiso zomhlaba. Ebalulekileyo ukuthotywa komgangatho wolwandle, okupholisa kolwandle, ukutshintsha ubume olwandle nidlobe Imagnethi yomhlaba ndibe negalelo ekutshabalaleni idayinaso.

Mvelo-eziphilayo hypothesis eziphilayo

Elinye laloo iqela le yeengcinga ibambelela imeko isenzeko nobhubhani abaninzi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iidayinaso ababa ukuqhelana utyani ukutshintsha, ebangela ityhefu. Amathuba ukutshatyalaliswa amaqanda kunye amathole ezincancisayo yokuqala ezidla. Kodwa kukho inguqulelo ukuba ebudeni Ice Age aphel nabasetyhini. Izazinzulu ziye ecetywayo olunye uhlobo kokufa iidayinaso - nephika: emoyeni kuye ukuhla elibukhali kwi mali ka-oksijini.

Kwakutheni ukuze Dinosaurs shwaka?

Kwakutheni ukuze Dinosaurs shwaka? Njengoko ezi extinct izilwanyana bamandulo? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zinika iindidi yemibono yeengcinga, kodwa akukho namnye kubo akaphenduli yonke imibuzo ngokupheleleyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo baqalisa kudala ngaphambi ntlekele, kunye hypothesis ngeenkwenkwezi kule meko ezingaqondakaliyo. imibono abaninzi Akukho data ezizizo, ezifana kwi hypothesis ezilwandle parameter nganye okanye utshintsho lo mhlaba otsalayo. Ukungabikho hetiseka ingxelo yefosili kunganika umfanekiso ophambene.

Ukudibanisa yeengcinga ivelisa umfanekiso ocace. Mbono, zisebenzisane omnye komnye, ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi, yaye umfanekiso ixesha upelo ngakumbi eneenkcukacha.

Inkqubo kwindaleko - ekutshabalaleni imfundo amatsha kunye namadala kunye - serial. Kwaye inkqubo Ukusombuluka iidayinaso phambi kokuphela kwethuba Cretaceous senzeke ngokwendalo. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, ekupheleni kwexesha Cretaceous, iintlobo ezindala lokufa, kwaye entsha khange abonakale, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kwabakho ukuphela ngokupheleleyo ezi zilwanyana.

Ngokwembono kwesayensi

version omkhulu lokutshabalala isekelwe ezi zibakala zilandelayo:

1. Ukuvela izityalo kweentyatyambo.
2. utshintsho lwemozulu kancinane zibangelwa begcina of amazwekazi.

Ngokutsho lesayensi, indlela zilandelayo uyalandelwa. Kwaphuhliswa iingcambu yezityalo eneentyatyambo kunye ukuziqhelanisa konke okusemandleni ukuze kwimihlaba ngokukhawuleza indawo ezinye iintlobo zezityalo. Baqala ke ukuba kuvela nezinambuzane adla kweentyatyambo izityalo kunye nezinambuzane ngaphambili wabonakala laqala ukunyamalala.

Inkqubo ingcambu kweentyatyambo zahluma, Wanciphisa inkqubo lokhukuliseko lomhlaba. NeeNdawo wayeka kweso, kunye neelwandle bayeka izinto kwezondlo ezayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kwamanani lisiza yolwandle kunye nokufa, nto leyo, abalimi ngolunya olwandle. Emanzini, kwakukho ukugxojwa yendalo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yokutshabalala abaninzi. Kukholelwa ukuba izinto ezirhubuluzayo eziphaphazelayo ngokusondeleyo elwandle, ngoko ekutshabalaleni kwitsheyini kwasasazeka kubo. Kumhlaba bazama ukuqhelana kwisininzi eluhlaza. Yaqala ukubonakala ezincancisayo ezincinane kunye amarhamncwa nobukhulu encinane. Yinto exhalabisayo nakwinzala idayinaso njengoko amaqanda kunye amathole iidayinaso zaba kukudla ezidla wabonakala. Ngenxa yoko, iimeko zidalwe, negative ngokuba ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha.

Xa Dinosaurs saphela, era Mesozoic igqithile, oko igqithile umsebenzi esebenzayo ziitectonic plates, zemozulu mvelo.

Abantwana kunye Dinosaurs

Inzala izilwanyana wamandulo kuphela abadala kodwa ebantwaneni. Namhlanje, iprojekthi "Kutheni iidayinaso saphela?" Iqukiwe iprogram nursery kunye neeklasi zaseprayimari. Ukohluka yalo msebenzi kukuba umntwana iphuhlisa self- ubuchule ngokwasengqondweni, efuna iimpendulo kwimibuzo ze bafumane ulwazi olutsha. Umbuzo kutheni iidayinaso saphela, ngokuba abantwana ngokunjalo ukwazi ukuba izazinzulu. Inzala ikakhulu ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba ezi zilwanyana emhlabeni namhlanje akukho mpendulo ngqo umbuzo malunga ezibangela yokuduka zabo azizingenisanga okwangoku zamkelwe.