Ukuchithwa kunye nokuxothwa: umcimbi wembali

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, zonke izinto ezifunekayo zokutshintshwa kwezikhundla zengqiqo, kwindlela yokuzama ukuzama ukuqonda ihlabathi, zaveliswa kwifilosofi yaseYurophu. Phakathi kwababecala abaye baqhubela phambili iimbono zenzululwazi yesayensi kwaba nguFilion no R. Descartes.

Lezo migaqo yolwazi lwezesayensi, eziye zaxhaswa yizo zenzululwazi, zenze i-philosophical and methodological setting. Ngokuyininzi kunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwe-Aristoteli kunye ne- scholastic era scholasticism, engayifumananga namava njengomthombo wolwazi lwenyaniso.

Ngokutsho kweBacon, ukuze uhlalutye kwaye uhlolisise ihlabathi lemvelo, indlela yokuchithwa kunye nokutsalwa kufuneka isetyenziswe. Kwisakhelo sendlela yokukhupha, kubalulekile ukuba, ngokuboni kwakhe, ukuba alandele ngokukodwa kuye jikelele, kwiinkcukacha ezithile ukuze aqhubekele ukuvelisa izigqibo, apho F. Bacon wabiza igama - i-middle axioms. Oku kuya kwenza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka nokugqithiseka kwinkqubo yokuqonda, kuba iBacon yabona ingozi enkulu ekutshintsheni kwimiba ethile ejoliswe ekuqaphelweni ukuba yenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Le ndlela yokunyakaza kwengcamango ayichaswanga kwindlela yokuqhelanisa, kodwa kunokuba yenzeke ngokufanelekileyo. Ngamagama, ukuchithwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwahlanganiswa ngokubaluleka kwisiseko sesikhokelo esisodwa. Le ndlela ikhulise ngokubanzi ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwesinye sezicwangciso zendlela yokuchithwa kwe-induction, eyayisetyenziswe ngaphambili ngokuzimela.

I-Bacon yaxela ukuba kukho ukuchithwa kwe-deduction ekuzaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingaphelelanga, kwaye ngenxa yale nto, ichaze ngokwaneleyo iindlela zabo zokufunda kunye nendawo kwinkqubo jikelele yezinto ezinokwenkcazo zenzululwazi yesimanje. Umcangco wacinga ukuba ifom yeyona ndlela iphakamileyo, ukuba, ngokutsho kukaBacon, unakho ukukhokelela umntu ngokuthe ngqo kwizigqibo ezithembekileyo, kodwa ukufikelela kwizigqibo ngokutsha. Njengoko kuqinisekiswa kwabo, kucetyiswa ukuba batyelele kwenye indlela, uvavanyo olusebenza njengegunya eliphezulu ngokumalunga ne -sissis.

Njengoko kwaziwa, namhlanje inkcazelo yokuqulunqwa yenziwe ngokucacileyo-yinkqubo yokunyuka ekuboniseni ukusuka kwisigqibo semigaqo eyahlukileyo kwizigqibo ezizimeleyo. Ukukhutshwa kukubandakanya ukuhamba kwindlela eyahlukileyo-ukusuka kwiingqinisiso eziqhelekileyo kwizigqibo ezizimeleyo, ezichanekileyo kuzo zonke izinto ezenza isethi esinikeziwe.

Ukuba sibheka iindidi zokuqulunqwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwimeko yokuphuhliswa kwembali, ngoko umfanekiso unzima ngakumbi.

Ngexesha lexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-Middle Ages, izazinzulu zisetyenzisiwe ngokukodwa, impumelelo enkulu kunye nefom ye-syllogistics ye-Aristotle. Njengoko sele kukhankanywe apha, apha le ngcamango ichazwe kwii-axioms ukuya kwizigwebo ezithile. Ngokwazi lwemithetho yendalo, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela enjalo akusebenzi kakuhle, kuba le ndlela ayifumanekanga ngokupheleleyo kumava. Into yodwa enokuxhaswa ngamava kukungeniswa, okubonisa ukuba ukunyuka kokufunda kwizinto ezizimeleyo ezikwazi ukuqinisekiswa kokulinga kumalungiselelo jikelele. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba u-Aristotle ngokwakhe uchaze ukukhishwa, nangona kunjalo, ngezinye iinkhathi akazange afake nantoni na nayiphi na isayenzi kwaye ibaluleka kuyo. Kodwa wayeqwalasela isisombululo esinamandla se-F. Bacon kuso, kunye noR R. Descartes baqulunqa imigaqo yesicelo esisebenzayo ngokusekelwe kovavanyo lokuhlola ukuthembeka kwezinto. Ezi zenzululwazi ziye zafakazela ukuba ukuchithwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kungafezekisa imisebenzi yendalo yonke kwi-cognition.

Ukukhutshwa, ngokusebenza njengesigqibo esisemthethweni, sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuqonda. Ingcamango ye-algorithm yokuchithwa yile ndlela ilandelayo: ngokufumana iimpawu ezifanayo zezinto zeklasini enye, isihloko esiqaphelayo senza isigqibo sokuba bonke babo bangabakho kuzo zonke izifundo ezenza iklasi elinikeziweyo. Ndiyabulela kule algorithm yokunyuselwa kwengcamango, ukuthotyelwa komthetho wehlabathi jikelele, ukunyaniseka kweengcinezelo zemoya kunye nezinye izixhomekeke eziphathekayo ezisemgangathweni.

Ukutshatyalaliswa, okumelela ukuhamba kweengcamango ezivela kumntu ngokubanzi, kudlala indima eqhubekayo ekuphuhliseni isayensi yezobugcisa kwinqanaba lokuqulunqa ingcamango yembono. Kule meko, ibonisa iqalo lokuqala lokwenziwa kwenkqubo entsha yolwazi.

Kwiindlela zenzululwazi zanamhlanje, ukuchithwa kunye nokuxothwa kubambisana ngokufanayo ngendlela efanayo, ngokomzekelo, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokuhlalutya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kubonisa imfuno yokhetho olufanelekileyo malunga nendawo apho indawo nganye yezindlela inika umphumo omkhulu.