History of Brest Fortress. Heroes of Brest Fortress

Eminye imithombo bathi kwimbali Brest Fortress yaqalisa kwinkulungwane phambi feat yakhe zobugorha ngo-1941. Oku Kuthi aliyonyani. Nqaba kudala zikho. Zalisa kuvuselelwa kwinqaba iShushan aphakathi edolophini Berestye (igama imbali Brest) yaqala ngo-1836 kwaye lathatha iminyaka 6.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba umlilo ka-1835 urhulumente tsarist wagqiba kwanokuphucula inqaba, kwixesha elizayo, ukuze ayinike iwonga kwinkampu yasentshona kubaluleke yesizwe.

ephakathi Brest

Imihla nqaba emva kwenkulungwane ye-11, kukhankanywa ingafunyanwa kwi ezaziwayo-kakuhle "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka," nto leyo iveza imiboniso umlando kumzabalazo etroneni phakathi abathetheli ezimbini ezinkulu - Svyatopolk kunye Jaroslav.

Ukuba indawo prime kakhulu - phezu promontory phakathi imilambo ezimbini Western Bug kunye Mukhavets, kungekudala Berestye fumene ubume kweziko enkulu ezivenkileni.

Kumaxesha amandulo, iindlela eziphambili intshukumo yabarhwebi aba imilambo. Kwaye apha misele ezimbini yonke banikwa ithuba yokuhambisa izibonelelo ukusuka empuma kuye entshona and vice versa. River Bug bangamazi ePoland, Lithuania naseYurophu, kwaye Mukhavets nge Pripyat kunye Dnieper - emaqeleni Sea Black kunye noMbindi Mpuma.

Umntu owaziyo ukuba omhle inqaba aphakathi kwe Brest. imifanekiso Photo kunye nemizobo yaseYiputa kwexesha yokuqala - lwepaki, ukuba inokufumaneka kuphela nemiboniso yimyuziyam.

Ngenxa ukudluliselwa abasisigxina Brest Fortress phantsi kolawulo kaRhulumente kunye nelungiselelo le dolophu ngendlela yawo, isicwangciso kunye enkampini, kwaye ilali unenzondelelo utshintsho olungephi. Noko ke, abanye kubo ephefumlelwe neemfuno xesha, abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu leminyaka Brest Fortress ikwazile ukugcina ubhalo yayo yoqobo aphakathi kunye nomoya ojikeleze efanelekileyo.

1812. The French in kwinqaba iShushan

Brest Kumda geography bekusoloko unobangela kumzabalazo dolophu: Iminyaka 800 History of Brest Fortress amandla wayithimba Turov Duchy of Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita (Poland), yaye kuphela 1795 Brest yaba yinxalenye yelizwe Russian.

Kodwa phambi kokuba ukuphazamisa urhulumente Russian uNapoleon kaThixo qhoboshela kubaluleke kakhulu enqabeni yamandulo. Kude kube lixesha Russian-French War of 1812 Brest Fortress iye yaqinisekisa kwimo yaso inqaba ethembekileyo, leyo kuthiwa edume uncedo lwakhe, alitshabalalise iintshaba.

The French, kakhulu, wagqiba ukuhamba Brest ngokwabo, kodwa amajoni Russian wabanjwa inqaba, uzuze uloyiso eyothusayo phezu iiyunithi amahashe yaseFransi.

Isigqibo wembali

Olu loyiso yaba sisiqalo lokuqwalasela urhulumente tsarist ukwakhela kwindawo ephakathi inqaba zakhiwe ngokwaneleyo ekomelezeni ezintsha enamandla, ezifanelekileyo umoya ixesha isimbo bokwakha kunye nokubaluleka emkhosini.

Kuthekani Amaqhawe Brest inqaba 1812 imfazwe iminyaka? Ngapha koko, nayiphi na intshukumo emkhosini zibandakanya inkangeleko daredevils lithemba kunye amathanda sizwe. Amagama abo kungaziwa iisekile ngokubanzi ngoko karhulumente, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba umvuzo wabo ukuba nesibindi bafumene ezivela ezandleni noMlawuli Alexander.

Umlilo Brest

Umlilo obujikeleze amatyotyombe yamandulo ngowe-1835, olukhawulezisiweyo inkqubo ngokutsha jikelele Brest Fortress. Amacebo ngoko iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo ibe ukutshabalalisa izakhiwo aphakathi endaweni yabo ukwakha umlinganiswa kuyilo entsha ngokupheleleyo kunye nokubaluleka qhinga izibonelelo.

Umlilo kutshatyalaliswa malunga 300 izakhiwo emboniselweni, yaye oku ngalisayo, kwaba esandleni kunye norhulumente zinkulu, nakubakhi, kunye nabantu dolophu.

nokwakhiwa

Ukukhutshwa umlilo amaxhoba mbuyekezo iyenye ngohlobo eziinkozo kunye nezinto, urhulumente wamcenga ukuba bahlale hayi inqaba, bangegqithi - neekhilomitha ezimbini ukusuka kwinkampu, ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi olunye inqaba - zokhuselo.

History of Brest Fortress wayengazange bambone ngokutsha wamazwi hlobo: aphakathi Fort yadilizwa emhlabeni, kwaye endaweni yayo waba ligwiba enamandla ngeendonga zamafu, yonke inkqubo bhulorho ilifti, inxibelelanisa le iziqithi ezintathu ngumntu, kunye iOfele nenqaba exhotyiswe ravelins nge kungenakugqithwa udonga ezilishumi-yodongwe, kunye embrasures emxinwa uvumela abavikeli zisala kakhulu kukhuselwa ngethuba neziqhushumbisi.

izakhono zothintelo inqaba kwinkulungwane ye-19

Ukongeza nezakhiwo zawo zokuzikhusela, leyo, Kakade, kudlala indima enkulu dudula ukuhlaselwa lutshaba, kukwabalulekile kunye nenani amajoni abaqeqeshwe kakuhle bekhonza kwinqaba ayeya.

qhinga zothintelo lenqaba wayezelwe bezakhiwo ukuze ubuqili. Kungenjalo, kutheni ukunika abaqhelekileyo enqabeni yomkhosi amajoni 'ixabiso yokomelezwa omkhulu? Abahlala kwiindawo ngeendonga kwiimitha ezimbini, nganye servicemen okulungele kuva ukubonakalisa kuhlaselo lutshaba kunokwenzeka, ngokoqobo watsibela ukhuko ukusuka - nangaliphi na ixesha lemini.

casemates 500 inqaba ngokulula ingena amajoni 12,000 iingalo kunye nezibonelelo ngokupheleleyo iintsuku eziliqela. Yegumbi kufihlwa kakuhle ngoko emehlweni prying, ukuba ubukho babo kwakunzima baqashele uninitiated - aba kwentshinyela efanayo ukuba ungqameko-mitha ezilishumi.

Uphawu sezisombululo bobugcisa ezinqabeni yaba ikhonkco inextricable izibonelelo zalo; iinqaba lithe tso kuhlawulwa yi igwiba engundoqo ngomlilo, kwaye ukusuka iOfele ebekwe kwi ziqithi, kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuqhuba umlilo okungqalileyo, ekhusela ngaphambili.

Xa nqaba kwaqinisa ijikazi iinqaba 9, iye yaba phantse anihlasele: ngamnye kubo yayinokubhekisela yonke ikampu lamajoni (oko kukuthi 250 servicemen), kunye imipu-20.

Brest Fortress walibeka kwixesha loxolo

Kweli xesha ezizolileyo kwi kwimida karhulumente Brest Walinganisa waphila ubomi ukuphumla. Kwaye phakathi komzi, kwaye inqaba walawula rhoqo umona, inkonzo eyenziwa ebandleni. Ngelo inqaba kwakukho iicawa ezininzi - usenamandla inani enkulu zomkhosi enye icawa nangayiphi na indlela akuvumanga.

Omnye woonongendi sendawo kwakhona isakhiwo iintlanganiso kwamagosa kunye namagosa ebizwa ngokuba White Palace.

Kodwa amaxesha bathuleyo nqaba akukho lula gqitha apho. Yokungena kwi "intliziyo" enqaba elunge yayiquka emasangweni ezine. Ezintathu kubo, njengophawu nokungafumaneki zabo, imeko ekhoyo ye-Brest Fortress. museum Iqala Isango lodonga oludala: Kholmsk Terespolsky, Northern ... ngamnye kubo wayalelwa ukuba abe isango kwiparadesi ngenxa abavikeli zakhe ezininzi kwiimfazwe elizayo.

Izixhobo enqabeni olwandulela the World Lokuqala

Ngexesha ingxokozelo eYurophu, inqaba Brest-Litovsk, wahlala omnye iinqaba inokuthenjwa kumda Russian-Polish. Umsebenzi ophambili enqaba elunge - "ukuququzelela inkululeko amanyathelo yomkhosi kunye waselwandle," nto leyo akabanga izixhobo zale mihla kunye nezixhobo.

Lamacandelo 871 kwezixhobo, 34 kuphela% ukukhawulelana neemfuno imfazwe kwiimeko mihla, le imipu eseleyo wawungasasebenzi. guns ezongezelelweyo esilawulwa iindlela ebezisetyenziswa kudala bayakwazi kuqhume kumgama ongekho ngaphezulu kwama-3 weekhilomitha. Ngeli xesha, utshaba enokwenzeka waba mortars kunye neenkqubo zokudubula 45.

Ngowe-1910 Ibutho aeronautic le nqaba ukuba ziyisebenzise ivele yayo yokuqala, yaye ngo-1911 i-Brest-Litovsk nqaba umthetho okhethekileyo ovela yafakwa kunye kwisitishi sayo radio lakhe.

Imfazwe yokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wafumana Brest Inqaba Yethu yomsebenzi elinoxolo kakhulu - ukwakhiwa. Ezitsalwa abavela kwiilali ezikufuphi kwaye ukude ngenkuthalo kwakhiwa inqaba ngaphezulu.

Inqaba ayeza kukhuselwa kakuhle ukuba akukho waqhekeza phezu olwandulela kuphuculo wamajoni, nto leyo ekhokelele Corps bese ezilahlekileyo lamabutho ekulweni ikampu. Ekuqaleni yeHlabathi yokuQala kwi Brest-Litovsk inqaba bodwa ngabavukeli ukuba ngexesha kokurhoxa kwanyanzeleka ukuba aqhumisele enkampini kakhulu irobust ezongeziweyo kunye phambili.

Kodwa isiganeko engundoqo kwimfazwe yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, nqaba na ngenxa izenzo emkhosini - i Brest uxolo sivumelwano sasayinwa phakathi kweendonga zayo.

Izikhumbuzo Brest Fortress Zinelungelo uhlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nendalo, yaye omnye wabo lo lukhulu kubantu maxesha sivumelwano.

Njengokuba abantu bafunda ukuba ubuqhawe Brest

Inkoliso ababephila bazi Brest kwinqaba iShushan phezu iziganeko ngosuku lokuqala uhlaselo mkhohlisi ku Germany iSoviet Union. Ulwazi malunga nale wabonakala nakanye, nto nje obubhenqwe isigqubuthelo amaJamani ngokwabo ngeendlela ezingalindelekanga: akuba eboniswe uyabathanda incwa- ukuba ubuqhawe le abavikeli Brest kwiidayari zabo, kamva ifunyenweyo yapapashwa neentatheli zomkhosi.

Kwathi ngo 1943-1944. De kube lelo xesha, malunga ubuqhawe kubaphulaphuli kwinqaba iShushan ngokubanzi nto ke ndingaziwa, kwaye nabasindileyo 'sokuhluza inyama "Amaqhawe Brest Fortress, njengoko amagosa aphezulu emkhosini, kusoloko kubonwa amabanjwa emfazwe, kwiNgxowa utshaba ubugwala.

Ulwazi imilo zasekuhlaleni tochilis kwi kwinqaba iShushan, yaye ngoJulayi kwaye ngo-Agasti 1941, naye akazange abe esidlangalaleni. Kodwa ngoku mbali uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo: Brest Fortress, apho kulindeleke ukuba ukuthatha iiyure 8, zigcinelwe ixesha elide yotshaba.

Umhla wokuqalisa kwelabafileyo: June 22, 1941

Ngaphambi kwemfazwe, leyo zange kulindeleke, Brest inqaba wakhangela kakhulu negrozno: esile endala yodongwe eludongeni, sene ingca, kwintsimi - iintyatyambo zokudlala. Ekuqaleni NgoJuni regiments eziphambili wawabeka inqaba, wamshiya waya uqeqesho enkampini ehlotyeni.

Ngobusuku ka June 22, sasiyinxalenye waba phantse bengakhuselekanga.

History of Brest Fortress zonke iinkulungwane babengazi kodwa of perfidy ezinjalo: iiyure ngenj ubusuku zasehlotyeni elifutshane pitch kubemi esihogweni. Ngequbuliso, Phuma ndawo, le nqaba kwavulwa umlilo zokudubula, wambamba wonke ngomothuko langoku kuyo, yaye kummandla kwinkampu uye wakhawuleza 17,000 "abafo 'yabakungcangcazelisayo evela Wehrmacht.

Kodwa ngagazi yokunqakulisa, okanye ngamadlelana ukufa kwakungenawo waphule ukunqanda abavikeli yobuqhawe Brest. Alwa iintsuku ezisibhozo, ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni. Kunye iinyanga ezimbini - ngokwesiko mthethweni.

Akukho ilula kakhulu kwaye hayi kangaka ngokukhawuleza ukuze libanike Brest Fortress. Defense 1941 waba ingumqondiso yonke ikhosi ngakumbi imfazwe kunye utshaba yabonisa kwawo yokubala yakhe ukubanda super-isixhobo ukuba iphumelele ubuqhawe engalindelekanga kakuhle bexhobile, kodwa wayekulangazelela onothando ezweni le nokuxubana.

"Ukuxoxa" amatye

Yintoni ngoku cwaka ukhwaza Brest Fortress? Le myuziyam uye wayilondoloza nezinto ezininzi amatye, apho unokufunda ingxelo abavikeli yayo. amabinzana amafutshane kwimigca omnye okanye emibini uthathe olukhawulezayo, yachukumisa iinyembezi zonke izizukulwana, nangona bekhalisa ngokuvimba, sandivusa njengomntu eyomileyo yoshishino.

Muscovites: ivanov, Stepanchikov Zhuntyaev waza wakhokelela irekhodi eli thuba ezoyikekayo - Eyona nto iyimbalasane kule ilitye, iinyembezi intliziyo. Ababini kubo, wafa kunye naye ivanov abaseleyo wayesazi ukuba ubebaphumzile, ange engabuyanga kudala wathembisa: "Kwakukho sokuqhumisa lokugqibela. Alive asiyeki, "waza wabuza:" Baphindezele thina, amaqabane ".

Phakathi ubungqina bokuba inqaba zagcinwa kweentsuku ngaphezu ezisibhozo imihla eseleyo kwi ilitye: July 20, 1941 - eyona ecacileyo kubo.

Ukuze siqonde intsingiselo ubuqhawe kweelana le abavikeli lonke ilizwe, kufuneka nje ukuba ukukhumbula umhla nendawo: Brest Fortress, 1941.

Yenza yesikhumbuzo

Kuba ixesha lokuqala ukusukela umsebenzi kummandla ezinqabeni abameli eSoviet Union (kunye negosa abantu) bakwazi ukufumana apho ngo-1943. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho iincwadi izicatshulwa iidayari zamajoni isiJamani kunye namagosa.

Phambi Brest waba banentsomi, ukuba kudluliswe ngomlomo emlonyeni kuwo onke amanqanaba kunye ngasemva. Ukwenza iziganeko sesikweni, ukuba ayeke naluphi na uhlobo fiction (nokuba nesimilo), niwudle ubuqhawe Brest nenqaba iinkulungwane, sasiyinxalenye entshona, kwagqitywa ekubeni reclassify ukuya lenkumbulo.

Ukuphunyezwa iingcamango kwenzeka eminyaka embalwa emva kwemfazwe - ngo-1971. Mabhodlo, wayitshisa yaye bavele iindonga - konke oku kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye mboniso. izakhiwo nesilonda azifani, yaye zenza isambuku ubungqina nesibindi abavikeli yayo.

Ukongeza, i-Brest Fortress lenkumbulo kule minyaka elinoxolo ndafumana ezikhumbuzo eziliqela weendawo kunye kumatye ngakumbi imvelaphi yakutshanje, ezo ngokuvumelana enziwe a lomculo ekhethekileyo inqaba-myuziyam kunye kalukhuni yayo kunye conciseness igxininise yenzekile kwezi ezindongeni intlekele.

Brest Fortress kule ncwadi

Umsebenzi idumileyo futhi impikiswano noba mbalwa Brest INqaba incwadi S. S. Smirnova. Xa namangqina kunye abasindileyo nokhuselo kwinqaba iShushan, umbhali wagqiba ukubuyisela ubulungisa kunye ukugqiba amagama yokwenene abalinganiswa, leyo ke urhulumente eye yabangela kokuhlala kwintolongo isiJamani.

Yaye wakwenza oko, nangona amaxesha abazange kakhulu yedemokhrasi - 50 phakathi lwekhulu lokugqibela.

Abaninzi wanceda ukubuyela eziqhelekileyo, musa ukulucekisa abemi amanye ethi "Brest Fortress" ophilileyo. Iifoto abathile kwabo lucky ipapashwe koonondaba ngokubanzi, amagama bevuthela kunomathotholo. nokuba umjikelo unomathotholo yasekwa, yanikezelwa ukuze sifumane abavikeli i Brest inqaba.

Smirnov waye imveliso ye msonto osindisayo, apho, ufana ngumlinganiswa wentsomi ukusuka ebumnyameni sobomi beza namanye amaqhawe - abavikeli Brest, zangasese kunye nabathetheli. Phakathi kwabo: Major Gavrilov, uMkomishinala Fomin, Semenenko uLieutenant, uCaptain Zubachev.

Brest Fortress - lesikhumbuzo anobukroti ubuqaqawuli intsomi, kakhulu lwenene eziphathekayo. yamabali amaninzi emangazayo abavikeli yayo ngokungenaloyiko yabantu abaphila namhlanje. Siyazi kubo ngohlobo lwemisebenzi yoncwadi kunye zomculo, maxa wambi zifumaneka lwemveli.

Kwaye ezi ntsomi siphila kweminyaka, ngenxa Brest Fortress feat ofanele ukuba ukukhumbula ngaye, yaye i-21 m ne-22 m, kanti kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo.