"Gneisenau '(wempi) iimpawu kunye nenkcazelo isakhiwo

I-German Navy wempi odumileyo "Gneisenau" wavalelwa ukusebenza ngo-1938 phezu olwandulela Second World War. Uyilo yale nqanawa iye yaba yenye zibalaseleyo ixesha layo. Le wempi bakhonza de-1943, xa imfazwe elandelayo yayonakele kakhulu. Lowo wathunyelwa ukuze ilungiswe, kodwa ekugqibeleni wagqiba wokulondoloza. Ngowe-1945, ngaphambi kokoyiswa Jamani, uthiwe zitshone. Embalini oko odumileyo kuphela uqulukubhode zakhe iingalo, kodwa yokusebenza ebalaseleyo.

Imbali lwesakhiwo

wempi isiJamani "Gneisenau" - enye iinqanawa abadumileyo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Imbali yawo yaqala ngo-1933, xa Wesithathu wagqiba ukwakha iinqanawa ezimbini uhlobo entsha "Scharnhorst". Le projekthi yaphunyezwa emfihlekweni iyonke. Ngokusesikweni, le wempi "Gneisenau" zakhutshelwa esinye isitya i "Deutschland". Noko ke, phakathi eyinyani kunye nale umkhombe umahluko omkhulu.

"Gneisenau" hlukile ubunzima iitoni 19.000 ka, kwaye umthamo walo 161.000 enjini. wempi crew ibe ngamajoni 1669. Ngokuba zonke iimpawu zayo, inqanawa wakhawulwa njenge izixhobo grand - weenqanawa pearl waseJamani. Kwaye ke ayimangalisi into, ngokuba kwesikhokelo Wesithathu wayethanda ukuba baqalise iiprojekthi ezimangalisayo yaye kuziindleko, enye apho, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yaba "Gneisenau". Wempi wadalwa ukuze impendulo kwi-Royal Navy kanye French (ingakumbi i-French inqanawa "Dunkerque" uhlobo). Umehluko yayo nezinye kukunyuka ko- ubhukisho kunye nezixhobo.

Ngowe-1935, inqanawa de kwafuneka kwakhona isibambiso ngenxa ukuvela entsha, ade ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kuyilo, projekthi. Le sungula yenziwa December 8, 1936-th. Ngaloo mini, omnye imixokelelwane ndela carrier, ngenxa yokuba into uthiwe saa wabaleka ukuya elunxwemeni. umonakalo Trouble wajika wayelukhuni.

guns

Inqanawa "Gneisenau" (wempi) ithiywe emva idume ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I Cruiser vehicles ukubayinxalenye butho Admiral Spee. Uphawu Konyulwa kwenzeka. "Gneisenau" yaba yeyokuqala inqanawa le Navy German, wakha kwixesha interwar. Iminyaka kuhlaziswa, kwaye izohlwayo emva iSivumelwano Versailles yaphela. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba zonke izithuthi waseJamani wahlala lwamanani ababuthathaka, kule minyaka 30 obekumele ukuba siyenze, "Gneisenau" inqanawa, yenzelwe kuphela kuphangwa. In Reich Yesithathu isitya esitsha elinde ukuba nempumelelo, ezifana abo owandulela odumileyo eponymous.

Kweli xesha interwar, imveliso imipu-283 mm yaqala eJamani, eziveliswe ngokukodwa "Gneisenau". Wempi got umpu, ezifana esekwe "Dunkirk". Ngaphezu koko, izinto ukuzithethelela kunye nokuhlasela enqanaweni German zihlolwa ne iliso kwi ijamelene ezilindelekileyo French iimpahla kolu hlobo. -283 mm imipu bebodlula i "Deutschland". uluhlu lwabo yomlilo kunye firepower ukwenzela ukuvuleka awo omkhulu. impumelelo izixhobo entsha yeenqubo ayikwazanga ukuba imvume eBerlin.

Kuba ulawulo ngomlilo enqanaweni "Gneisenau" wafumana iseti izixhobo, ukuba sele kubonakele kuhlobo "Bismarck" Zempi kunye nohlobo cruisers "hipper". Artogon ilawulwa ukusuka kwizithuba ezikwamanye turrets abalawuli. Basithwesa ngezibonakude ezisetyenziswa ngamagosa anoxanduva yokudubula, kunye gunners. Pinnacle yazinza yi gyroscope.

Ngelo posi izixhobo ezininzi mihla le ixesha. Umzekelo, ngesantya yekhompyutha wokuhlolwa esisigxina, sithwele, utshintsho umgama ukuya kujoliswe yaye athathele ingqalelo imozulu. izibalo Complex lwenziwa iibhloko kunye nezixhobo ezizodwa. inkqubo yolawulo lomlilo zokudubula eyayilawula ezinde ezintathu. Ngelo xesha linye naninokudubula ekujoliswe ezininzi (okanye kugxila kwenye kunye efanayo).

ezakhiwe ngayo

Kwi i "Gneisenau" amaJamani basebenzisa iintlobo ezininzi amaqokobhe. Okokuqala, umphathi wezikrweqe ihlaba. ukusebenzisa kwabo kuthelekiswa noko bekujoliswe kakuhle ezikhuselweyo. Babenaso fuse ezantsi kwaye isimangalo elincane. Okwesibini, ukuba oonokrwece polubroneboynye. Ngokutsho yokuhlela yaseBritani, ke nabo badla ngokuba "Common". Anakho kancinci neziqhushumbisi ngakumbi yaye kunempembelelo enkulu ukuqhekeka. Zazisetyenziswa kujongwe iziphumo ekujoliswe ngezakhe hayi obukhulu kakhulu.

Ekugqibeleni, okwesithathu, "Gneisenau" baba oonokrwece eliphezulu-Uyadubula. Babenayo fuse intloko ize isetyenziswe xa kuthelekiswa neethagethi unarmored (abonakalisi, imipu anti-moya, zokukhanyisa, eqela labasebenzi ungakhuselekanga njalo njalo. D.). Le imithetho kweqokobhe ayizange iguquke kwi Navy German ngexesha lemfazwe. Polubroneboynye kunye amaqokobhe noqhushumbiso babe uqina yokuqala kweemitha 900 nganye ubunzima esezantsi yesibini kunye ezahlukeneyo (abanye ubunzima kg kwama-100). Baye omangalelwe ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi drive okhethekileyo.

amaqokobhe Okokuqala bondliwa grippers kunye neentsimbi emsebenzini. Emva koko, iitafile ring mqengqeleki yakhwela kulo lift. iintlawulo Basic kwahluka imikhono zezobhedu. Kuba nokuthuthwa neengcedevu ezizodwa babonelelwa. amaqokobhe Secondary ukutya ngesandla. Nezikhali Vehicle yayiquka iintlawuliso 1800 (1350 ezinkulu nezincinane 450).

ukubonakala

Uninzi "Gneisenau" ezifana umzalwana wakhe iwele "Scharnhorst". Kodwa ezinye iiyantlukwano lwangaphandle phakathi kwabo babekho. izikhonkwane ezahlukeneyo kwawo, anti-moya imipu machine, kwakunye mainmast. Emva kokwakhiwa "Gneisenau" zipeyintwe umbala okhanyayo engwevu. Zezibhaxu buqapheleke kuphela iingubo iingalo kuboniswe ngapha nangapha esiqwini.

NgoFebruwari 1940, kwityala, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukubeka izikwere ebomvu kunye swastika omnyama. Oku kwenziwe ukuchonga evela emoyeni. Ingxaki yayikukuba Luftwaffe ngomnye ngenyanga enye kuphela ngempazamo yazika kubabulali ezimbini German. Ekwindla ka 1940 ngexesha nezilingo-wokulungisa isithuba kwiBaltic Sea "Gneisenau" ukuba sifihle imibala.

ukufuduka

Ekuhambeni wezifundo yoyilo, kwacaca ukuba abayili akayi kuba nako ukuhlangabezana ukubana iitoni 26.000 ka. Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba wayeza athobele la manani, "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, Noko ke, beza ezinkulu ngakumbi ngo-1936 abonisa ngokucacileyo ulawulo weight. Ngelo Alisekho, bahlabe umkhosi. Iingcali kukho uloyiko ukuba inqanawa iza kuba ngaphantsi kwe uzinzile, kwaye ukuhla yayo seaworthiness. Ukongeza, kunyanzeleke ukuba ukunciphisa ukuphakama freeboard. Design Esi kushenxa iye iingqameko uluhlu uzinzo.

Ingxaki ukwanda ukubana afumaneka ngelo xesha xa sele kakhulu kwexesha ukutshintsha iimpawu ezingundoqo "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, uyilo egama lilitye lesiseko le projekthi lonke kusindiswa ngokwandisa ububanzi umzimba. Ngenxa yoko, ukubana lanyuka ukuya 33 kweetoni eziliwaka.

Power Plant

iimpikiswano ezininzi ziye kwabangela abakhi isityalo amandla. Yaba zizeyeyona ixakayo yonke le projekthi "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, iimpawu zazo yahlukile amanani nanto bokuqala kwenziwa ngamava abuhlungu. Ngawo onke akukho nanye abo banoxanduva akazange afune kwakhona kwaye kwakhona isantya ulwakhiwo isitya.

Ngelo isanda loyilo njenge iiyunithi isityalo amandla okhethiweyo turbozubchatye. Ngoncedo lwabo, iyelenqe lokubulala iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye: ukuqinisekisa isantya eliphezulu isitya nokukhawulezisa ixesha lonikezelo yayo. Le yunithi isebenza phezu sibini. Of idizili yayekwa, ekubeni umkhumbi enkulu kangaka yaye hayi injini yalo hlobo. ukhetho Eyingozi yenziwa yi Admiral UErich Raeder. Waqonda ukuba dalnohodnost inqanawa liya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu xa usebenzisa i-diesel. Nangona kunjalo, i Navy akazange abe nexesha balinde lokuyiphuhlisa kunye nemveliso.

izindlu

Housing wempi waba design longitudinal. Oku ezenziwe ngentsimbi. Kuye kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa aluminiyamu ukukhanya - ukuze bakwazi ukunciphisa ubunzima. Eyona isiqu ephambili inqanawa leyo manzi. Umzimba uphela yayahlulwe 21 gumbi. 7 kubo abandakanyeke plant ngamandla.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ukwakhiwa ezinkulu emkhombeni arc welding okokuqala eqongeni nganye yemveliso yayisetyenziswa kanye kwimeko i "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, ukuxelwa apho uyilo lo ilitye lesikhumbuzo we ixesha, engcono kunazo nje kuphela iimpawu zazo, kodwa kwi indlela lokuvelisa.

izindlu steel welding, indawo yokuhlala. Ngale ndlela zokuvelisa ezintsha kwaba rough. iziphumo zalo line ezininzi uphawu "amalinge ekubhaleni." NgoJuni 1940, i "Gneisenau" wafumana umonakalo omkhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iingcali ezininzi kuya kufuneka ukuba smash intloko yakhe phezu ngendlela yokuphucula umgangatho welds. Ayehlukile basengozini iziqhushumbisi yaye inomzimba hits. Kwaye, kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa iwelding abe inkqubela enkulu, wabeka kwicala lophuhliso yonke shishino.

Enye yezona zinto abadumileyo ngamagama nenqanawa wempi izakhelo ngeempumlo, iimpawu yokuwa encinane. Ngelo xesha wahlala izikhonkwane zemveli. Baye elise Clusaz - omnye kwicala lomkhumbi, ezimbini ngasekhohlo. Ethelekiswa imifuziselo angaphandle, freeboard yayincinane, kodwa ekuhambeni sokugqitywa kunye redrawing kweprojekthi waba kakhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha eyilwe kukhokelele ekubeni iilwandle kwasekwa ukutshiza namandla, ngenxa apho kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze kuphela inqanawa ayinikwayo conning.

Impumlo kunye inxalenye yebhodi

Le wempi odumileyo "Gneisenau", ifoto ezavela ngokufuthi ngokulinganayo kwiingxelo ingqondo yotshaba kunye namaphephandaba isiJamani, unenzondelelo Izilungiso ezininzi ukuba "ubuso" yayo - yesaphetha. Emva edabini nxamnye "Rawalpindi" ziye isusiwe phezu kwibhodi ankile. isixhobo Mooring efakwe kwi phezulu izikhondo.

esinye esenzeka inkonzo wenze uhlengahlengiso ekwakhiweni kwezi 'Gneisenau "ngoDisemba 1940. Inqanawa, Kharkteristika ogama eziphambili wamnceda naye edabini, kuphuthiswa ngexesha uqhwithela. NgoDisemba 1940, isaqhwithi kuLwandle North sabangela umonakalo omkhulu enqanaweni. Emva koko, "Gneisenau" episode iye ngakumbi foredeck kunye ogu. Akumangalisi, i ezintsha kuvela ngexesha ukusebenza ngoko nangoko emva kwavela ingxaki elandelayo. Elinye icebo design iya kusombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki "isikhohlela" nemigangatho, Noko ke, kuncitshiswa yayo ukuba mda eyamkelekileyo.

Kwakukho nesinye isici obesazeka, ethi ichaphazele Zempi "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau". Ezi imikhombe emibini yohlobo olufanayo eyahlukileyo ukuhamba engabalulekanga. Isisombululo kungaba ukwanda ukuphakama bead. Nangona kunjalo, a ukulungiswa onjalo ebeya kukhokelela ekwandeni ubunzima isikrweqe, nayo usebenze. AmaJamani kulo ukusebenza zombini iinqanawa ningabaleli usengxakini - babingelela seaworthiness.

isikrweqe

Ngenxa yesithethe, zonke iinqanawa ezinkulu German balihlutha isikrweqe enzima. I kwakungekho ngaphandle kunye "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, ukuxelwa kwalo ngumzekelo inqanawa kakuhle ekhuselweyo, yasasazwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo isikrweqe nkqo nkqo. Bona bancedisana ngamnye ezinye ukukhusela wempi ngumonakalo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo omzimba. Ukuba shot hits ebhodini, ekufuneka ukuhlangabezana bronepalubu lekhamera.

Ezininzi nezisombululo ezisetyenziswa kule projekthi, baye bazama okokuqala. Olu phawu nokugxininisa kwakhona indlela ezintsha kunye unique yaba "Gneisenau" (wempi). LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wanika abayili German ubutyebi amava. Ndayihluthwa umsebenzi Iminyaka Weimar Republic, unamandla ahlaziyiweyo, bathabatha umsebenzi wabo ekwakhiweni nesinqanawa Wesithathu.

uzinzo

Umgaqo yokuzahlula wenqanawa kwiindawo wazibonakalisa ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kwakhona iye yasetyenziswa kuyilo "Gneisenau". Inqanawa, Cruiser kunye naluphi na mkhumbi ixabiso ethile kuphela de kube mzuzu sokwemba. Ngoko ke, ingxaki uzinzo kunye nokugcina le nqanawa isoloko umi phambi ziingcali German kwenye yeendawo zokuqala.

Ukwakhiwa "Gneisenau" lwalwenziwe ukuze zizikhukula namacandelo amabini ezikufutshane kunokubangela lwezikhukula kumgangatho. Ababhali yeprojekthi saphumeza iingcamango ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kunye nezenziwayo. Ngenxa yoko, onke amagumbi, ngaphandle emxinwa kwaye ikule ndawo kwincam, ziye zohlulwa kwiindawo eziliqela manzi.

Ethelekiswa ababengaphambi zayo, yaye "Scharnhorst" yaye "Gneisenau" sibonisa inani elikhulu of ezinqamlezayo kunye bulkheads longitudinal. Baqala ke ukuba usebenzise omnye Dreadnought. Kuyinto ngenxa la malungu nkqu kule mpi enzima ikwazile ukugcina izisele manzi kunye namagumbi engine- kunye kwibhoyila. Ngenxa yoko, kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko heeling yingozi.