Ngubani wavula India? Imbali yokukhangela indlela enhle East

Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe ngubani ovule India kufuneka ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abeLungu ngokubanzi baqalisa ukubuza imibuzo ukufumana indlela entsha kweli lizwe elikude. Esona sizathu kukuba Mongols woyisa ngabanye omnye phantse zonke iingongoma ezibalulekileyo kwi the Silk Road. ubudlelwane orhwebo boyisa lwalungekho phambili, ngoko ke ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13. urhwebo kunye China ne-Indiya inzima eYurophu ngakumbi. Oku kuphelela ngabarhwebi Arab ngubani uncedwa kule ba- nako.

Imizamo yokuqala ukufumana enye indlela eya India

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba Saint-Jean d'Acre - le yindawo yokugqibela eMpuma of Europe - wawa e Genoa waqalisa ukuxhobisa uhambo ukufumana indlela elwandle India. On imikhumbi ezimbini zema ngeembambo ziimpahla ukutya, amanzi amatsha kunye nezinye izinto, sesihambe abazalwana Vivaldi. Phantsi sicwangciso, ekuqaleni ababefanele ukufika Ceuta (Morocco), kwaye ukusuka entloko apho olwandle ukuze ufumane lizwe Indian uze uthenge ngayo wanqwenela impahla exabisekileyo. Akukho bungqina oluthembekileyo ukubonisa ukuba Oomatiloshe ikwazile ukufikelela elunxwemeni India. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14. phezu amakhadi kuqala ukuvela inkcazelo echanileyo Afrika, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba bakwazi ubuncinane ukuhambahamba kwilizwekazi lasezantsi ashushu.

Kwiphulo adumileyo Vasco da Gama

Abanye abaphandi kunjalo wabiza abazalwana Vivaldi abo wavula India. Nakuba kunjalo, iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni awuvumelani nale ngxelo, lo gama Vasco da Gama ithathwa ukuba discoverer kuphela elwandle indlela eya eMpuma.

Kwisithuba leminyaka emva hambo Vivaldi Spain kunye Portugal wathumela iinqanawa omnye emva komnye, kodwa akukho nanye abahambi akubanga yimpumelelo. Ngehlobo lowe-1497 phezu umyalelo kuphela wanyukela itrone Portuguese ka Manuel I kwelinye wayenothotho mna ukulungele ukufumana indlela eya eIndiya. Yitsho leenqanawa ezine kumkani wayalela Commander Vasco da Gama - ukufunda nokubhala kwaye ekrelekrele umntu, owayesazi oliqhophololo komkhulu, apho, ngokutsho uManuel I, kwakunye kunokwenzeka wayeza kukwazi na ukumelana nomsebenzi uyiphathisiweyo kuye. Kwaye akazange engalunganga, ngenxa yokuba Vasco da Gama ngoku eyaziwa kuthi njengoko lowo wavula India.

Amalungiselelo hambo ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ukuhamba yakhokelela iBartolomeu Dias - indoda ngo-1488, nangona wafumanisa indlela elwandle Indiya, kodwa sele sifikelele kwinqanaba Afrika, ezafumana isandla sayo ukukhanya igama Cape of iStorms (uqambe Cape of Good Hope kamva ).

Amava umzuzile Dias yajika luncedo kakhulu kule meko. Ngokukodwa, wanceda ukuyila iinqanawa ezintsha ukuhamba, kuba, ngokwembono yakhe, lo caravel njengesiqhelo ngokucacile ayifanelekile swimming elinzulu.

amalungiselelo okugqibela ziye zagqitywa, kwaye ngoJulayi 8 1497, qembu lwe Vasco da Gama wafudukela ngendlela elikude. 170 oomatiloshe best Portuguese babehlanganisene kwiibhodi iinqanawa ezine. Abaninzi isiqalo hambo wayeqhelene ngakumbi bequbha Dias. Zonke iimpahla baxhotyiswa noompondo zihlanjiwe ngelo izixhobo zokuqhuba inqanawa ixesha kulahlwe weqela yaba iimephu echanekileyo. Kumanqanaba okuqala Dias wayekhaphe fleet, kwaye sele kufuphi Cape Verde Islands wehla ukuya elunxwemeni.

uhambo Vasco da Gama likaThixo kwanyanzeleka ukuba yafakwa elikhulu ukuze ukuhambahamba wethafa luthoba kwi Gulf of Guinea. Christmas 1497 uhambo iye yadibana xa sishiya kunxweme olusempuma Afrika. Ngelo xesha iinqanawa 4 ezintathu kuphela: omnye ngokoqobo kummandla we -Cape of Good Hope. Traffic eliqukuqela ngasentla Kyea kakhulu ntshona flow, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukuqubha kwakunzima.

Noko ke, Matshi 2, 1498 hambo kufikelelwe ngempumelelo Mozambique. Apha, abo wavula Indiya kamva wathabatha siganeko kunokuba angazithandiyo kunye nomlawuli yasekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imali kukuxhobisa mkhankaso, i-Portuguese akazange azisole, kunye nezipho, lapho lizama. Ngenxa yoko, endaweni yokuba ukuphucula ubudlelwane Mozambique Sultan, baseYurophu nangakumbi mandundu kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahambe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kule ndawo.

Okulandelayo uhambo yokuhlala da Gama efumaneka Mombassa, kodwa abantu akukho ukulinda wamkelekile akukwenzi kakhulu. Kwaye kuphela kwizibuko wesithathu, ekuthiwa Malindi, iqela yakwazi ukuba bakhululeke, azuze amandla. Umbusi wendawo awasabela ngayo Portuguese kwakunye kunokwenzeka, kwaye svol da Gama kunye Ahmed ibn Majid - esasihamba akhe. Ibn Majid walandela uhambo ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela.

Esi siganeko grand - ukuvulwa India - kwenzeka May 20, 1498. Kwaba ngoko ukuba iinqwelo bafika e-Akhawunti yoMsebenzisi port. Noko ke, ubuhlobo kunye umthetheli kunye Muslim abathengisi bendawo IsiPhuthukezi kwakhona akuveli indlela engcono. Enye ungquzulwano ngenkani da yekhefu Gama port, hayi elinde ukuba umoya kakuhle.

Noko ke, eyona njongo yokuqala yafikelelwa, kunye Vasco da Gama waye kwimbali yoluntu kwabo wavula indlela eya India elwandle.