Tatar NPP, Republic of Tatarstan: inkcazelo, imbali umdla facts

Uqhuma Chernobyl amandla enyukliya isityalo hhayi umonakalo kuphela kokusingqongileyo. Sisihelegu i "atom zoxolo" ikhokelele kuhlaziywe ingqikelelo ukhuseleko kwizitishi zomsebenzi, ukuvalwa iiprojekthi phantsi kokwakhiwa kwale hlobo kwaye akukho nezityalo ezitsha amandla enyukliya iminyaka emininzi. Isigqibo Orthodox senziwa phantsi koxinzelelo iimeko kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Olunye uphuhliso wabonisa ukuba ngaphandle amandla enyukliya ngomlinganiselo kazwelonke ukuba akusebenzi. Kukhokelela nanonophelo kwintlekele, nokudelela iinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye amalinge okuyingozi, kolawulo apho akunakwenzeka.

Tatar NPP - isakhiwo sebali

Ngenxa nolwakhiwo esebenzayo e Tatarstan amaziko amakhulu kwimizi-mveliso, njenge "Nizhnekamsk imichiza mveliso", imoto isigebenga "Kamaz", "Nizhnekamenskshina", urhulumente kuxoxwa ngomba ukwandisa unikezelo namandla kummandla ukususela ngowe-1978. kwisikhululo samandla senyukliya ngelo xesha zakhiwa phezu kwayo yonke loo ndawo, ngoko kwagqitywa ukwakha mveliso senyukliya mahlanu ngeekhilomitha ukusuka Nizhnekamsk, apho kukho ngaphambili yayiyilali Kamskie Polyana.

project Tatar NPP waphuhliswa yesebe "Atomteploelektroprokta" e Riga, abakhi jikelele yazifeza "Kamgesenergostroy". Kuba kokwakhiwa kweprojekthi imodeli ecetywayo, nto leyo wayesele yakhiwe kwaye esebenza "Balakovo", "Chornobyl NPP" wazisa nezibonisi projekthi station Khmelnytsky, Volgodonsk, kwakunye engagqitywanga ukwakhiwa kunye Bashkir iCrimea NPP.

Qala zokwakha kwenzeka ngo-1980, inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo kweyunithi yokuqala yayiza kubanjelwa 1992, izityalo amandla eseleyo izicwangciso ukusebenzisa ngokukhawuleza iyafumaneka. imisebenzi emikhulu lwenziwa ngo-1988, utyalo-mali eyinkunzi yaba million 288 engange, iindleko zokwakha imisebenzi uthelekelelwa kwizigidi 96 engange. Ngokutsho uyilo, Tatar NPP wayeza kuba umthamo 4,000 MW, nto leyo eyenziwe zamandla ezine.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kumaphephandaba rhoqo akabaxwa amabali malunga isikhululo samandla engagqitywanga. Ngokutsho amarhe, kwacetywa ukufaka zamandla-12. Thelekisa, eyona inamandla eYurophu, Zaporizhzhya NPP lixhotyiswe zamandla-6 kuphela kwaye umthamo walo 6000 MW.

ukulondolozwa

Ngowe-1990 waba bayeka ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo. Ngelo xesha, Tatar NPP ilungele eli nqanaba lokugqibela lomsebenzi. Izicwangciso ukugqiba ulwakhiwo gumbi reactor, amagumbi injini iiyunithi ezimbini zokuqala, waba babeka isiseko nembasa, reactor egumbini ngamandla wesithathu, libe sisigingqi ziye zalungiselelwa iiyunithi amandla yesithathu neyesine.

Ngokutsho kokwakhiwa ekhoyo ngoko izicwangciso, eli nyathelo kwakuthetha isigaba sokugqibela ulwakhiwo into Tatar isityalo. Ukwakhiwa kulelwe. Ukongeza kwisikhululo, idolophu wayelungele zobunjineli amandla - Kamskie Polyana, izakhiwo zolawulo, ibhoyila Auxiliary yokulinda, wamisa i Johns, wakha iinkonzo zenkxaso. Ngaba elungiselela ukukhulula amafutha azo enyukliya kwesi sigaba kwaye kwabakho into preservation. Ekubeni amafutha obuthenjisiwe awunikwanga, ngokwayo imbaxa akukho yingozi radiology.

Tatar NPP - asiyiyo lesikhumbuzo kuphela "atom zoxolo" kulo lonke yangaphambili Union ngexesha elifanayo yavalwa izityalo amandla enyukliya malunga neshumi elinesihlanu zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yokwakha.

Izizathu lokuvala

April 17, 1990 lwapapashwa ummiselo urhulumente Tatarstan "Ngomhla ekuyekeni ukwakhiwa kwamaziko zemveliso Tatar NPP". Izizathu bokumisa ukwakhiwa ingxelo ukuba isikhululo ibekwe kwindawo tyala Kama, esibonakala umsebenzi ziitectonic plates. Le ntetho ngokukhawuleza kuqinisekiswa inyikima perceptible Zakamye.

Kodwa abantu abaninzi bacinga: esona sizathu siphambili ukuba ulwakhiwo Tatar NPP wamiswa ngesihelegu kwi eChernobyl, owenzeka ngo-1986. A indima ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele kulo mba waba intshukumo lwentlalo. Ngokuchasene ebalekayo yento atom ababesoloko umbutho baze babe nobudlova ngokusisigxina. Nalapho ke kwacaca ukuba ulwakhiwo engaphelelanga lo ilitye liza kuwa phezu mali, ngokunxulumene ne apho ubunkokeli kwiriphabliki iye wazama ukufumana enye ukusetyenziswa ngenxa into.

Kwakukho iimbono, izicwangciso neeprojekthi, bade ezithi isityalo samandla enyukliya isityalo ngamanzi, apho kusetyenziswa imithombo yamandla zendalo. Le projekthi phantsi uthetha-thethwano, eSoviet Union nezinye iingxaki - ukutshintsha inkqubo lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko.

Nenkqubo yangaphambili ngaphandle elizayo

Ezishiywe ngokwayo lwezibonelelo Tatar NPP - le nto kwenkcitho-mali republic, kodwa ingxaki enkulu yaba elalini. Kama Glade, apho wayehlala abakhi kunye nabasebenzi elizayo kwesikhululo akuphumelelanga. Abantu efunekayo ukuze imisebenzi. Iiprojekthi wenze lukhulu. Omnye wabo ekucingelwa ukuba ukudala ummandla gaming kwilali-based, kodwa ingcamango iye yonakaliswa ngenxa yokunqunyanyiswa kweZkim. Esi sivakalisi silandelayo kwakungekho egudileyo ngaphantsi: ummandla zesityalo samandla enyukliya ukwenza isithuba imidlalo adventure, le ngela, sebenzisa isikhululo indawo ukuze ahambe.

Inani leeprojekthi kunye nezindululo abazange ukusombulula ingxaki engundoqo - ukunqongophala amandla igcinwa ukuze ubunkokeli kwiriphabliki kaThixo ngokutsha ingxoxo rhoqo kulwakhiwo ngokumphefumlela yento efana Tatar Nuclear Power Plant (Republic of Tatarstan). Kwazanywa ngo-2003 no-2005, kodwa amaqela kokusingqongileyo gqolo onokuvotelwa isindululo.

ukudana ochithayo

Abanye eyakhiwe NPP (Kostroma, Bashkir) emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR wahlala phezu balance sheet yenkampani "Rosenergoatom" lo, Tatar NPP watshintshela Republican Tatarstan imali eseleyo. Ke ukuba iqela libonelela ngemali izinto zayo ezigcinwe ukulondoloza kakhulu ubutyebi kwaye akwazi ukubuyela ulwakhiwo nangaliphi na ixesha, e Tatarstan akudingeki ukuba sele sibonile. Ngenxa yoko, abathandi izityalo amandla enyukliya sasuka ngaphandle izinto zokwakha ukulwa, izinyithi nonferrous ukunceda ukwakha abaphangi "ishishini".

Uninzi elokishini isebenza phesheya, abaninzi babo ababesele Nizhnekamsk, Kazan. Umntu kule iingcali ebuhlanti waya isakhiwo wasentla. yonke indawo yangaphambili amandla enyukliya kunye nendawo ezingqonge eyakhelwe-up ufana kwidolophu ghost okanye Zone ukusuka inoveli ngabazalwana Strugatsky, apho ehlabathini iphoswe bashiya ilifa eSoviet Union.

Ukuba okanye hayi ukuba

NgoNovemba 2013, oko elenziwa ngurhulumente waseRashiya regional ucwangciso lophuhliso kunye namandla enzima, apho kugxininiswa eziphambili ophezu ukwakhiwa izityalo ezitsha senyukliya kunye nezityalo ngamanzi. Esi sicwangciso ingqalelo de-2030, ekuqaleni ukuphunyezwa kwayo sele zibonakala kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe. Lwethathari NPP naye okhankanywe kuxwebhu njengento into obekwe kwi eziphambili ukwakhiwa yokuvuselela.

Ngokutsho izicwangciso avakalisa yi kubomi Kamskie endle imbuyekezo xa Tatar ziya waphila. Kut- lokwakha yaqala msulwa site kwaye kufuneka igqitywe ngo-2030 xa isikhululo isebenza ngexesha lonke ixesha. Le yunithi lokuqala icwangciselwe sungula ngo-2026.

Kodwa ke umbuzo malunga kanti esitishini, nangoku kubangela uloyiko ngaphezu abavakalelwa positive. Tectonically Kamsky iphutha esebenzayo alukapheli, imiphumo ukutshatyalaliswa besityalo samandla enyukliya uyabazi yaye "zingqinisiswe" empirically, ukuvumela enye intlekele akukho bani ofuna. amatshantliziyo yoluntu kunye noluvo yoluntu egameni ukupheliswa yokwakha. Nika impendulo ecacile lo mbuzo: ziya kwakha apho isityalo amandla enyukliya Tatar, akukho namnye unako sinentembelo epheleleyo. Kama Glade - ukhetho ofanelekileyo, kodwa akukho mntu bayaphikisana izinto zendalo kunye noluvo lwabantu abahlala kuloo mmandla.

izazinzulu Uluvo - Abasebenzi zenyukliya

Neenkanuko baleka phezulu malunga nesakhiwo, kodwa izazinzulu ababandakanyekayo radioecology bathi ukuba emva kokuba eChernobyl kunye nobuchwepheshe Fukushima ziye zaphucuka, izinga lokhuseleko ikuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa iirektha zenyukliya naphi na kwaye ufumane evuzayo encinane. amandla enyukliya yeyona ikhuselekileyo kubugcisa umhla. Kukholelwa ukuba izityalo mn kunye lombane bayihlambele ngakumbi, kunye nemveliso kushishino kwezinye kwimimandla Russia ne Tatarstan, kuquka ukuba kumgangatho enkulu ingozi yokwaphuka bonke ubomi xa kuthe yintlekele kwi kwisityalo.

Le ngxoxo lokugqibela ubabalo sokuluvala lokwakha nengozi yenyikima kummandla zolwakhiwo into Tatar NPP. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ingxaki ecotha kakhulu, kwaye zinikeze umzekelo ukusebenza ekhuselekileyo izityalo samandla enyukliya Kola Peninsula, Armenia, apho kukho ingozi enjalo ngakumbi kusenokwenzeka, kwaye ziintshukumo zenyikima waboniswa ngaphezu kanye. Mhlawumbi iprojekthi endala akazange ahlangabezane neengxaki yangoku, kunye nesikhululo gqitywanga elinde kwinqanaba elitsha lokhuseleko, nto leyo ukunika kumphakamo wangoku zophuhliso technology.

Bazamile okanye iprojekthi entsha?

Umbuzo ngulo, baya kwakha apho Tatar NPP de zisonjululwe okukholekileyo Kama Glades. Ukwakhiwa wathabatha phezu "Rosenergoatom". Ngokutsho amandla amatsha projekthi kwisityalo kuya kufikelela 2.300 MW, nto leyo eza kunika zamandla amabini ka-1150 MW. Ukuba inguqulo endala kulwakhiwo, akukho bani uya kubuya, kodwa ukusebenzisa izibonelelo isidumbu kuyimfuneko, ihlawula ezinye iindleko. Iindleko prime yale projekthi uthelekelelwa 20 48 ezigidi zeerandi.

abalandeli

Ukwakhiwa ephehla enyukliya usoloko ekho, hayi ngaphandle, kunye Tatar NPP. Kut- zokwakha uye waphakamisa uqhwithela eluntwini. Kwakukho bobabini abaxhasi kunye nokuphikisa. Imfuneko yolwakhiwo kwisityalo yaba uphuhliso olukhawulezayo Zakamja. Kwindawo kwezoqoqosho kwisithili Yelabuga izicwangciso ukwakha ikhulu elinamanci mathathu izityalo kwimizi-eneji olunzulu, kukho izicwangciso ezinkulu uphuhliso kwemveliso yoshishino e-Naberezhnye Chelny, kufuna amandla okhulayo kushishino petrochemical e Nizhnekamsk, e Mendeleevsk izicwangciso kulwakhiwo Inqanaba lesibini zesityalo "Iamoniyam". Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zifuna amandla cheap.

Abaxhasi izityalo amandla enyukliya run ugxininiso kwi lecandelo kuqoqosho elizayo kakuhle-ntle Tatarstan kunye nokhuseleko samandla enyukliya. Ukongeza, amandla enyukliya eliza kusombulula ingxaki yokungaqeshwa kwi Kama Glades. Nizalelwe namhlanje emzini yabemi malunga 15.700, inkoliso yabantu onyanzelwayo ukuba bafune imisebenzi kude ngaphandle komzi. iinjineli Power kaninzi basebenza iishifti kwiindawo zokwakha ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuthutha kwezinye iingingqi xa bekhangela ubomi obungcono. izikhululo Ukuqalisa nje kuphela ukunika emisebenzi bonke abantu, kodwa kwakhona kwandisa ekungeneni imikhosi yabasebenzi, uze emva koko inani abemi ukuya 600 amawaka abantu.

abaphikisi

Ngokuchasene ukwakhiwa izityalo zamandla enyukliya la kwezenkolo, oosonzululwazi kunye abemi abaqhelekileyo. Le ngxoxo kukuba nengozi yenyikima, esinokubangela ukuvuza nokungcoliseka kummandla omkhulu, ilahleko lobomi kwindawo exineneyo. linokuchazwa iziphumo ntlekele, kodwa kunzima ukubala zonke ilahleko, ingakumbi kwixesha elide. IChernobyl ntlekele, yaye namhlanje lizisa singumbono omangalisayo kuyadumaza, nangona ziqinisekiso yeziphathamandla ezisemthethweni Ukrainian kwindawo ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo.

iingxoxo ezongezelelweyo yanqumamisa ukwakhiwa ebizwa ubukho kwimithombo emininzi yamandla kummandla kwimimandla kunye nezibonelelo zoshishino. Ngokukodwa, ingongoma ukuya Nizhnekamsk HPP; ayisebenzi kwi ngokupheleleyo. Ukuzalisa idama ngamanzi ukuya kwinqanaba-68 leemitha (okwangoku 63 m.), Uya kwandisa umthamo kwiprojekthi MW 1248. (Okwangoku 450 MW.).

Kwakhona, ezinye iqela bathi sokuhlaziywa amandla geqe kummandla ayikwazi ukuqalisa kunye Tatar NPP, ndibuye ndiphilise sikhululo kwidolophu Dimitrovgrad. Yintoni Tatar NPP namhlanje - izakhiwo zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo, kuphela inxalenye encinane, nto leyo igcinwa ngengqibelelo nangenxa nje uyakwazi kutshabalalisa ukulahlwa eziphathekayo yalathiswa kuphela yesiqalo atomic. E Dimitrovgrad, kude kube ngoku, utyando zamandla 8, injongo kwabo uphando kunye emkhosini.

Ke kaloku kukho amabini kuphela, isibonelelo yonke ilungisiwe ngokupheleleyo, imisebenzi ezizodwa kwaye kufuneka ngeendleko ukuguqulwa. Oku kubizwa isicombululo kule ngxaki yokubonelela amandla ngexesha elifanayo etyhola "Rosatom" xa nenguquko izilangazelelo zabo enganobungozi lwengingqi.

Izwi labantu

Uninzi lwabantu ubona isisongelo kunazo ukuze kuthunyelwe reactor zenyukliya ebumelwaneni nangoko, yaqalisa iintlanganiso nxamnye station ngokumphefumlela. Construction Tatar NPP kwiimeko ezininzi waqonda kakubi.

Ilizwe iintlanganiso kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, ukusebenza kunye nabantu kwi ukucaciswa ukhuseleko yeteknoloji yenyukliya mihla, leyo wayecebe ukusebenzisa iprojekthi Tatar NPP. Mamadysh, Naberezhnye Chelny kunye nezinye ezinkulu imizi Tatarstan uninzi lwabantu akuthethi ukuvakalisa inkxaso yabo yalenkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, bonke bafuna ukuhlala kummandla kunye nemigangatho ephezulu zokuphila. Nangona indida ezingenakunyibilika.