I-Acid Salts

Ukuba kukho i-asidi enye okanye zonke i-athomu ze-hydrojeni ithatyathwa yinto enye, i-chemical thus called ityil. Isimbi okanye i-ammonium iqela kwilolekyuli isoloko inesimo se-oxydation esihle kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-cation. I-acid asele ibizwa ngokuba yi-anion. Zonke izityi ezenziwe ngeesinyithi eziseqela le-Ia lePeriodic Table of Mendeleev zihlaziyiweyo. Ngokuphathelele isaliti esakhiwa yinyithi yeqela IIa, ukuguqulwa kwamanzi.

Kukho imilinganiselo ukuba yonke i-hydrogen kwi-molecule ye-polybasic i-molecule iyatshintshwa enye i-cation, kunye nama-salts e-asidi, ukuba kunye ne-metal okanye i-ammonium cations kukho i-hydrogen ecetywayo. Imizekelo yesarti ephakathi yile:

- magnesium sulfate MgSO4;

- Aluminium sulfate Al2 (SO4) 3;

- ammonium phosphate (NH4) 3PO4;

- sodium carbonate Na2CO3.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kweesaliti eziqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiindawo zokuncibilika zetsimbi kunye nee-anion ezingenayo i-acid asele. Igama leetyuwa eliqhelekileyo livela egameni le-asidi kunye necation of generators.

Amanxuwa ase-Acidi ayenziwa ngenxa yokungaphelelanga kwe-hydrogen ngetsimbi okanye iqela le-ammonium. Ngaloo ndlela, ziquka izitye, i-hydrogen kunye ne-acid asele. Ukubunjwa kwabo kunokwenzeka kuphela nge-polybasic acid. Imizekelo yeendidi ezinjalo zi:

I-sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3;

I-sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4;

- sodium hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- potassium hydrogen sulfate KHSO4.

Eli gama, zikhona iziqulatho "hydro-" (phambi kwesinye isiqhumiso se-hydrogen) okanye "i-dihydro-" (phambi kwezinto ezimbini ezingekho phantsi kwe-hydrogen).

Izixazululo ezinamandla, i-asidi ye-asidi iyahlukana kwi-anions engalunganga ngendlela ye-asidi ye-asidi, kunye neentlobo ezimbini zezications ezilungileyo (ions zetsimbi kunye ne-hydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4 . Kwi-hydrolysis yama-asidi e-asidi eyenziwe ngama-acids aqinileyo, isisombululo esinomsoco sine-pH engaphantsi kwe-7, ngoko ke igama lala macwecwe. Kwi-hydrolysis yama-asidi e-asidi ephuma kuma-acids abuthathaka (umz., I-hydrocarbonates), isisombululo asiyi kuthatha indawo okanye i-alkaline, i-pH, ubuncinane 7.

Ukuba i-salts avareji iyakwazi ukufunyanwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwesityambo kunye ne-asidi kunye nezinye iindlela, ukuveliswa kwama-asidi e-asidi kusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni nokugqithisa:

• I-Polybasic acid ngeetyuwa. Ngaloo ndlela, i-sodium i-hydrogen sulphate ifumaneka: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, i-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 okanye i-calcium hydrogen carbonate: i-CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• I-Polybasic acid nge-alkali. Ngokomzekelo, isiseko somveliso we-barium dihydrogen phosphate yi -equation response: 2H3PO4 + Ba (OH) 2 → Ba (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Ngokusabela kwisaliti esicacileyo kunye ne-alkali, ekubeni ziyimveliso yokungaphelelanga ngokupheleleyo, kunokwenzeka ukufumana kwakhona ityuwa ephakathi;

• I-Acid oxide ne-alkali, ngoko i-calcium bicarbonate ifumaneka: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Kuyaziwa ukuba i-bicarbonates ayikho kwizinto ezimi kwitafile yexesha elifanelekileyo ukuya kwicala leqela IIa, kwaye i-hydrocarbonate eqinile ifunyanwa kuphela kwiqela lezinto Ia.

Amasiza asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kodwa akukho ndlela eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwayo, kuba yonke into iyodwa. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lutyuwa kuxhomekeke kwiipropati zeekhemikhali kwaye zichongiwe ngokwenza uqoqosho.

Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, i-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 isetyenziswe njenge-phosphorus-ammonium fertilizer enzima kwizolimo. Ukongezelela, eli qela lisetyenziselwa ukulwa nemililo: ukukhusela emlilweni, baqhuba izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona (NH4) 2HPO4 isetyenziswe njengesongezo ekwenzeni iintlobo ezithile zeegereyi.

I-sodium hydrosulfite NaHSO3 isetyenziselwa ukuhlambulula izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufota.

I-calcium hydrosulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 yinto ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa i-cellulose ekhuni.

I-Bisulfites, eyona isaliti e-acidic ye-sulfurous acid i-H2SO3, inxalenye ye-drug epinephrine, kwaye isetyenziswa kwi-biology ye-molecular.

I-potassium i-hydrosulfates KHSO4 kunye ne-SOHSO4 ye-sodium isetyenziselwa ukukhupha kwi-metallurgy engenzi-ferrous.

I-sodium Hydrocarbonate NaHCO3 yinto eyaziwa kakhulu kwi-salts e-asidi. Iveliswa kwisixeko saseSterlitamak (kwi shishini "Soda") phantsi kweemeko zobugcisa ezibekwe kwiGOST 2156-76. I-bicarbonate ye-sodium isetyenziselwa ukutya, iikhemikhali, ishishini lezobisi, kwiyeza kunye nasekhaya.