Paris jikelele, iimeko zayo iziphumo

Eli bali ubudala, sele eminyaka nangaphezulu komntu omnye kwaye enesiqingatha, kodwa amagama indawo kunye namazwe, ukukhankanywa leyo nelingenakutsitywa intetho iyelenqe wayo ukuba imibutho ezithile kunye modernity. ECrimea, Turkey, eRashiya, France, iBritani - lilenya iziganeko ezimangalisayo abasaphuhlayo phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Zonke iimfazwe iphele ngoxolo, nkqu obude wamagazi. Omnye umbuzo yindlela la magama yingenelo amanye amazwe kunye nabanye kuye nokuthotywa. Uxolo eParis umphumo iCrimea War, walwa nxamnye amajoni Russian elidityanelweyo waseFransi, Great Britain ne Turkey.

imeko Pre-imfazwe

In-kwinkulungwane ye, eYurophu waphelelwa kakhulu. iintshukumo kaZwelonke Austria Prussia, enokukhokelela sokonakalisa ezi ithi, intshukumo imida kunye ngokuwa amakhosi sigqibo. Ukuze uncede Austria uMlawuli Russian Tsar Nicholas I wathumela umkhosi, leyo ukuzinzisa le meko. Kwabonakala ukuba ixesha elide kuya kubakho uxolo, kodwa kwaba ngenye indlela.

I-mbuso zavela Wallachia kunye lahlaselwa. Emva kokungena amabutho Russian kwaye Turkish kwezi nkalo, iingxabano eziliqela phezu imida ezaziphethwe, amalungelo oluntu zonqulo kunye Iindawo oyiNgcwele, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwathetha imbambano ngokuphathelele kwinkalo kwamagunya, ezikufutshane isitya kuLwandle Black. Kuyo, ukongeza kumazwe ezinkulu ochaphazelekayo ngqo babandakanywe kunye namanye amazwe, abangazange wayengafuni kuphulukana iinzuzo yezobupolitika - France, iBritani kunye Prussia (ngokukhawuleza akhohlwe nombulelo usindiso emangalisayo kumkani yabo). La madoda Russian, ekhokelwa yi-Prince. Menshikov akazange abonise iqondo eyimfuneko amazwe, faka i el kwaye sokungafikelelwa isiphumo, wemka eConstantinople. Ekuqaleni June, ukuhlasela yenzekile amane amawaka angaphathi Russian kwi izilawuli. Xa ekwindla ngayo, loo waseFransi Britain yabamba iinqanawa zabo ngokusebenzisa iDardanelles, waba Turkey uncedo emkhosini. Novemba 30 ibutho phantsi umyalelo Ushakov yasungula loqhankqalazo preemptive kwi imikhosi Turkish yomkhosi e Sinop, yaye yavuma ukuba angenelele ngqo kwi impixano, nto leyo immangalise uNicholas I. koko bekulindelekile, umkhosi Turkish yaba uzilungiselele kakuhle. Ngowe-1854, i-iCrimea War.

impi

Ukuqhuba imfazwe komhlaba ne-Russia, i-ANC yavuma kubonakale ishishini oluyingozi (kwimemori kwakusekho amaphulo amatsha Napoleonic), kunye nesicwangciso-qhinga yayikukuba ukuze lokuqhankqalaza kuloo ndawo sihlaselwe - eCrimea, kuthathelwa isebenzisa amandla aselwandle. Ezandleni mdibaniso Anglo-Franco-Turkish wadlala kakuhle ngophuhliso lwezibonelelo zothutho edibanisa usingasiqithi kunye namaphondo esembindini ukuba kwaqhwalelisa unikezelo-mkhosi kunye nonikezelo ukusekelwa. Le ndawo sele Yevpatoria ebikhona, ngoko kukho ingxabano elibi Alma River. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo imikhosi Russian hayi zilungiselelwa kakuhle imfazwe, yaye inxalenye iingalo, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kuqeqesho. Kwakufuneka abhenele Sevastopol, apho nasekuxinweni yathatha unyaka. Xa iimeko yokunqongophala iimbumbulu, ukutya kunye nezinye izibonelelo umyalelo Russian wakwazi ukuseka ukuziphendulela omzi ixesha elifutshane ukwakha inqaba (ekuqaleni ezweni labo phantse wayengekho). Ngelo xesha, imikhosi ka Amanyeneyo Koloni bathwaxwa zizifo kunye nokulinga uhlaselo abavikeli Sevastopol. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kamva, womanyano, ukusayinwa iSivumelwano Paris kwabanjwa inxaxheba ongabonakaliyo Admiral Nakhimov, a hero abasweleke ngexesha ukuziphendulela mzi.

ngemibandela yokuthula

Ekugqibeleni, eRussia i iCrimea War, lahluleka yasemkhosini. Ngowe-1855, ebudeni wawalwela Sevastopol, wafa uMlawuli Nicholas Mna, kwaye wakhululana Alexander II. I-kwenkosi entsha kwacaca ukuba umlo, nangona impumelelo brilliant kwindawo yokubonela Asian, ephuhliswe kakubi iRashiya. Ukufa Kornilov kunye Nakhimov okunene ikhanda umyalelo, ukugcinwa ngakumbi kwesixeko kuyingxaki. Ngowe ngo1856, Sevastopol waxineka abendlu ka umfelandawonye Koloni. Iinkokheli baseBritani, France kunye Turkey baye benza isivumelwano esisayilwayo siquka izinto ezine, owamkelwa yi Alexander II. isivumelwano ngokwayo, eyaziwa ngokuba "Uxolo Paris", sasayinwa ngomhla wama-30 kuMatshi ngo1856. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lizwe yokuwina, ekhathazwe kwiphulo lomkhosi elide, exabiso likhulu kakhulu, yaye wegazi, abayinyamekelayo ukwamkeleka nemizi yakhe Russian. UTom negalelo izenzo noloyiso sethu impi kwindawo yokubonela Asian, ingakumbi aphume ngempumelelo inqaba Kars. Imigaqo iSivumelwano Paris kwindawo yokuqala sichaphazele ubudlelane kunye eTurkey, apho athatyathiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo oluntu lamaKristu kwintsimi, eli cala na ummandla wamanzi Sea Black, inkunkuma egameni layo khilomitha ezimakhulu mabini sikwere mmandla kunye inviolability yemida yayo.

Nelinoxolo Sea Black

Ngophanya nje lweliso, kufunwe ekade aselunxwemeni lolwandle Black nje ukuze kuphetshwe ungquzulwano ngakumbi phakathi kwala mazwe mabini eneneni anceda ekomelezeni indawo Turkey kwelo lizwe, njengoko Ottoman Sinelungelo lokuba lwezithuthi lweMeditera kuLwandle Marmara. Paris umhlaba nazo zibandakanya isicelo (ndibano) ngokuphathelele ziingxinano, apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kudlula iinqanawa angaphandle loxolo.

Isiphelo imiqathango ye-Paris uxolo

Nayiphi kokoyiswa kukhokelela yomkhosi nomqathango amathuba wamoyisa. Paris umhlaba ngokusisigxina batshintsha ukulingana kwamandla eYurophu, emva ukusayinwa i Vienna ezinde (1815), yaye hayi wakhetha eRashiya. War ngokubanzi iye kutyhilwa iintsilelo ezininzi kunye neziphene ya eminhlanganweni yomkhosi kunye ngesinqanawa eso sakhiwo, loo nto yabangela ukuba urhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya aqhube uthotho iinguqulelo. Emva kwenye, eli xesha noloyiso, yaseRussia-Turkish iMfazwe (1877-1878) zonke izithintelo ze kulongamo kunye nelahleko indawo zaye neyalo. Ngoko yaphela ihlabathi lakhe izindawo amanyathelo. 1878 th-yaba kumhla wokutyikitywa iSivumelwano Berlin, wayibuyisela ukukhonya wengingqi Russia kuLwandle Black.