I-Eurozone: imbali yendalo

Imali entsha yokuhlala - i-euro - yaqala ukuqala ngo-1999. Ukususela ngo-01.01.2002, esi sixhobo sokuhlawula sakhishwe ukuhanjiswa kwemali ngendlela yemali ehambelanayo kunye neebhanki. Okwangoku, indawo yase-euro iquka amazwe afana ne-Austria kunye neBelgium, eJamani kunye neGrisi, iIreland neSpain, iItali neCyprus, iLuxembourg kunye neMalta, eNetherlands nasePortugal, eSlovakia naseSlovenia, eFransi, e-Finland nase-Estonia. Kwintsimi yeli-17 ithi kukho imali enye.

Ixabiso le

Umsebenzi oyintloko weYurophu Yomanyano kukudala indawo eyodwa yoqoqosho ekwazi ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali phakathi kwamazwe ayo. Ukufezekisa le njongo, indawo yase-euro yadalwa.

Ukuzama ukudibanisa

Ummandla werhafu ye-euro yiprojekthi enkulu yekhulu lama-20. Ngethuba elifanayo, ukuphunyezwa komntwana, ngaphandle kokungathandabuzeki, kwaba nemiphumo yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, ibe yinye yeendlela ezinzima kakhulu zokuhlanganiswa kwintsimi yeNtshona Yurophu.

Imarike yangaphakathi yangaphakathi ikhona kwi-EU ukususela ngo-1993. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwayo akuphumelelanga. Inyaniso kukuba ngelo xesha amazwe aseYurophu ayenazo iinkqubo zemali zesizwe, ezahlukileyo komnye nomnye ngokuguqulwa kwamanani, irhafu kunye namanani entengo. Ngeemeko ezinjalo malunga nokuhlanganiswa koqoqosho olupheleleyo , akukho nto yayingenakho ukuthetha. Ukuphelisa yonke le miqobo, i-euro yenziwe. Uqoqosho lwawo onke amazwe afakwe kulo luye lunenzuzo kakhulu ngenxa yokuhamba kwentlawulo yeenkonzo, iimpahla, intlawulo kunye nenene, abasebenzi.

Ukuqeqeshwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lube lukhokelo oluthe gqolo ngakumbi nakwizinga le-macroeconomic. Amazwe ase-EU abumbene iimarike zemali phantsi kolawulo kunye nokulawulwa kwamaziko angaphezulu kwezemali. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho ukunyaniseka ukulwa nokunyuka kwemali, ukunciphisa iintlawulo zeerhafu kunye neenzala. Inkqubo enikeziweyo ikhuthaze ukukhula koqeshiso kunye nokuveliswa, kwaye yaba ngumgaqo wokuzinza kwemithombo yamashishini karhulumente.

Indima yendawo ye-euro nayo inkulu kuwo onke amaziko ezoqoqosho. Enyanisweni, imali enye kunye nomgaqo-mali okhoyo kwi-EMU kwintsimi kuthetha ukunciphisa iinkampani zemingcipheko yemali kunye neendleko, kwakunye neendleko zokubonelela iinkonzo. Xa kufika i-euro kuwo wonke amazwe omanyano weemali, umgaqo-mali owodwa waqala ukuphunyezwa. Oku kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni kwidingo lomsebenzi.

Imbali yokuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zezimali zaseYurophu

Ngaba imbono yokudala i-euro ibe selutsha? Akunjalo. Imizamo yokudibanisa iinkqubo zeemali zamazwe ahlukeneyo zenziwa kwakhona ngaloo mihla xa kukho imali yokuqala yokuqala. Ngaloo ndlela, iimanyano zemali zagqitywa phakathi kweedolophu zamandulo zesiGrike. Iingxowa-mali ezazikhupha ngokukhululeka zihamba kulo lonke ilizwe.

Inzame enkulu yokudala inkqubo efanelekileyo yemali ngumbutho wezohwebo kunye nezopolitiko kwizixeko zaseBaltic. Ngekhulu le-13 nele-16. Babesenkonzweni yeHanseatic. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuluntu, ukusuka kwizifundo ezingama-70 ukuya kwe-170 zathatha inxaxheba.

Imizamo yokudibanisa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeemali ziqhubeka kwikamva. Ngoko, kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-19 leminyaka. Inani leeprojekthi zaphunyezwa ukuze zidibanise iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemali kwilizwe elikhoyo okanye elitsha.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Kwabakho izinyunyana zemali zesiLatin kunye neScandinavia. Phakathi kwemida yabo, ukuhanjiswa kwemali kwaqala ukuphunyezwa ngendlela ehluke ngokupheleleyo.

Umboniso wendawo ye-euro yi-Union Monetary Union, eyenziwe ngoDisemba 1865 ngamazwe afana neFransi ne-Italy, iBelgium neSwitzerland. Emva kwemfazwe neNapoleon, iinkqubo zemali zala mazwe zazifana. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, iGrisi yajoyina i-Latin Union.

Imvelaphi ye-European Union

Iinkqubo zokudibanisa phakathi kwamazwe ngokukhawuleza zikhawuleza ukuhamba kwazo emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwakuyizifundo zakhe kunye nemiphumo eyingozi kakhulu eyavumela ukuzalwa kwakhona kokuqonda ngokuthintela ukukhula kobuzwe kwilizwe laseYurophu. Enye imfuneko yokukhawuleza inkqubo yokudibanisa yayiyinqwenelelo yelizwe ukuqinisa izikhundla zabo zoqoqosho. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweJamani kwafuna okokuqala ukubuyisela ubuqili behlabathi kunye nezikhundla zezopolitiko. Ukongezelela, amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu ayefuna ukudibanisa ukudibanisa i-USSR.

Imvelaphi yenkqubo yokudibanisa

Ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu kwaqala njani? Inkqubo yokuqala yoququzelelo yintetho yeNgqongqoshe waseFransi wamazwe angaphandle uRobert Schumann. Olu catshulwa, olupapashwe ngo-Meyi 9, 1950, luqulethe isiphakamiso sokwakhiwa kwe-ECSC (i-European Coal and Steel Community). Lo mbandela wasayinwa yi-FRG, iFransi, iBelgium, i-Italy, i-Luxembourg kunye ne-Netherlands. Ukuhlanganiswa kweli candelo elibalulekileyo uqoqosho luvule amathuba okuphuhlisa oku phambili kule nkqubo kwezinye iindawo.

Kulezi zigaba zilandelayo, uMmandla woLuntu waseYurophu (25.03.1957) wasungulwa, kunye ne-European Atomic Energy Community.

Amaphepha alawula ukuhanjiswa kwemali enye

Ngowe-1962, i-EU yakhupha imemorandam, eyayithetha ngokubaluleka kokudala umgaqo-nkqubo wezezimali waseYurophu. Yayiyimbono ye "nyoka yemali", eyayikulungiselelwa kwezinga lokutshintshiselwa kuwo onke amazwe, equlethwe kwimida ethile. Nangona kunjalo, icebo alizange lisetyenziswe kungekudala. Iphutha kwakuyi-crisis ye-1972, apho ixabiso leoli liye landa kakhulu.

Umboniso we-euro wenziwa kuphela ngowe-1979. Ngaloo nto leyo isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi kweebhanki eziphambili ze-EU kwimida engapheliyo yokutshintsha kwezinga lokutshintsha. Kwixesha elizayo, imbono yokudala i-eurozone yaphuhliswa kwiMatriki ka-Maastricht (1992) kunye noMthetho oyi-Single European (1986). La maxwebhu anike isiseko sokuvela kwemali enye, ixesha eliyimfuneko lokusungulwa kwalo, kwakunye nemithetho yecandelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabantu baseManyano.

Inkqubo yokuzinza

Umoya ungangena njani i-eurozone? Kule nto, kufuneka ihlangabezane nale migqaliselo elandelayo:

• Ukungafani nokuzinza kwezinga lokutshintshiselwa;
• Unqanaba elithile lamanani;
• Yiba nenkqubo yezemali efanelekileyo.

Kutheni i-euro iyimfuneko kangaka amalungu ayo? Ukuthobela iinkqubo ezikhankanywe ngasentla kuya kuvumela nayiphi na ilizwe ukuba lithandeke ukuphumeza okuqhelekileyo kuyo yonke indawo yezoqoqosho, kodwa nayo ngokwayo ukuzisa inani elithile legalelo elilungileyo kuyo. Kule meko kuphela, indawo ye-euro iyakwazi ukufumana uphuhliso olulinganisiweyo loqoqosho lwayo. Zonke ezi ndlela ezizinzile zokuzinza zifakwe kwiiMvumelwano zeMaastricht.

Ukudala kweziko lemali

Ngubani olawula i-euro? Lo msebenzi unikezwe kwi-Institute of Monetary Institute, e-Frankfurt am Main. Uxwebhu olusungulwe kweli ziko lusayinwe ngo-1994. Ngaloo xesha i-Yurophu yaseMarikhi yaseYurophu ibizelwe ukuba iqhube iprojekthi yokwakha i-euro kwaye igcine iinkqubo zezoqoqosho ezenzeka kumazwe e-EU.

Ngokusemthethweni, ukutshintshwa kwemali enye kwaziswa kwintlanganiso eyayibanjelwe eMadrid ngasekupheleni kuka-1995. Ngelo xesha, iibhanki ezintsha zafumana igama labo - "i-euro."

Ukubonakala kwemali entsha

Amazwe anenxalenye yendawo ye-euro aqala ukusebenzisa i-unit unit entsha ukususela ngo-01.01.2002. Ngaloo mini, ama-francs aseBelgium namaFrentshi, ama-Irish pounds, i-Finnish ne-German brand, i-pesetas yaseSpain kunye ne-Italian lira, ama-schillings ase-Austrian, ama-porctuos asePortugal ahoxiswa. Kwaye a maDatshi aseDutch.

Kodwa la mazwe ayisekho kummandla we-euro. Amazwe aseYurophu, engabandakanywa uluhlu lokuqala, ahlale efuna ukuphakamisa ukusebenza kwabo kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko, ukuhlangabezana neendlela eziyimfuneko kuphela ukususela ngo-2006 yiSlovenia. Ukususela ngeli xesha, liye langena kwi-euro. Ukususela ngo-01.01.2008, iSyprus kunye neMalta zivele kuloluhlu, kwaye ukususela ngo-2009 - iSlovakia.

Inkqubo yokuhlaliswa

Into ebaluleke kakhulu enendawo ye-euro yiSt. Ivumela zonke iinkampani zoshishino ukuba zenze izibalo kwi-intanethi. Umsebenzi wale nkqubo uqale ukuqhutywa ngexesha elifanayo kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-Eurocurrency. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo kwiintlawulo phakathi kwezifundo zamazwe ahlukeneyo.

Iimpembelelo zezoqoqosho zeemali ezintsha

Indawo ye-euro, eyadalwa kwi-EU, inike amazwe ukuba angene kwixabiso lemarike yehlabathi. Kwaye konke oku kubangelwa ukuba igalelo elongezelelweyo leempahla eziveliswe kumazwe aseYurophu iyalingana nesinye kwisithathu sehlabathi. Kwaye iinkampani zisebenzisana ne-EU, ukuvela kwe-euro kwanika ithuba lokusebenza kwindawo enye yemali, eyanciphisa iindleko zabo ukwenza intlawulo yokuthengiselana kwintengiso kwiinkonzo kunye nempahla.

Imali entsha ivumelekile ukuba iqulunqe enye yemarike enkulu. Yingakho i-euro ingabonakali kakhulu kwimpembelelo engafanelekiyo yokutshintshwa kwezinga lokutshintshwa kwedola kunanoma yiphina imali yesizwe. Yonke le nto yaba yinto ebalulekileyo yokuhlaziywa kwemali yelizwe jikelele.

Iingxaki za namhlanje

Kwindawo ye-euro, kukho uqoqosho oluxhenxe olufumana ubunzima obukhulu. Zingabonwa kumazwe afana ne-Ireland kunye neGrisi, iSpeyin nePortugal, iSlovenia, iSyprus kunye ne-Italy. Zonke ezi zingentla zizinkokhwe ezininzi zamatyala kunye noluntu.

Yintoni enye indawo ye-euro ejongene nayo ngoku? Iingxaki zale ntsimi yezoqoqosho zinxulumene nokungalingani kwemali, ukulahlekelwa kunye nokungabikho komncintiswano kunye nokunciphisa imali. Konke oku kubonakala kwintsikelelo ekhulayo yokulinganiswa kwezorhwebo.

Ingxaki ebaluleke kakhulu ye-eurozone iyancipha. Le nkqubo iyancipha kancane kancane kwiindawo eziphuhliswe kakhulu kwezoqoqosho zaseYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, iFransi isecaleni lomhlaba. IJamani ijongene nokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kokukhula koqoqosho.

Zama Fan

Nangona ubunzima bezoqoqosho, ukubambisana kwezemidlalo phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu akupheli. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni aseYurophu, iimidlalo ezininzi zibanjwe kwibhola yebhola kunye neHockey. Ukulungelelaniswa kwabalandeli, indawo ebizwa ngokuba ngumqhubi wendalo idalwa. I-Euro-2016, umzekelo, kwiindawo ezinjalo zingabonwa ngamakhulu amabhola ebhola bebhola.

Ngelo xesha, kulabo babesemagqabini omhlaba, iiklasi ezihlukeneyo zasebenza, iintlanganiso zaqhutywa kunye nabaziwayo, ukuqeqeshwa kwenzelwa ulwimi "lwebhola", njl njl.