I-kalmyk antelope: ifoto kunye nencazelo. I-Antelope saiga: apho ehlala khona nento ayidlayo

I-Saiga, i-margac, okanye i-Kalmyk antelope, isilwanyana esisinyeneyo esinesigxina, ummeli we-subfamily ye-antelopes. Ukususela ngo-2002, iKomiti yeSizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo iye yahlulwa njengengozini kwaye i-Red Book ifakiwe. Kwii-17-18 zeenkulungwane, i-saigas, ukuba yizona iintlobo ezininzi ze-Eurasia, zihlala kuzo zonke iindawo ezisemagqabini kunye nentshonalanga ukusuka kwiCarpathians ukuya eNtshona China naseMongolia. Namhlanje imeko iguqukile kakhulu. Ukuzingela okungekho mthethweni kwakubangelwa ukuwa kwehleko kwinani lemfuyo yezilwanyana. Ukunciphisa okubukhali kuyo kufaka ubuso kwinqanaba lokutshatyalaliswa.

Kalmyk antelope: ngubani na?

I-Saigas yiyo kuphela iindwendwe ezixhaphakileyo ezihlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseRashiya. Ezi zilwanyana ezimangalisayo ziyaziwa ngamaxesha amandulo. Baye bahlala kwiimimmoth ezide ziphele kunye neengwebe ezinamaqabunga kunye namahlathi amakhulu, ahlala kuyo yonke i-Eurasia kuze kube sekunxwemeni lwe-Alaska. Ngenxa yokuzilungelelanisa kwazo zonke iimeko kunye nokuzala okuphezulu, ama-antelopes asinda namhlanje. Abazange bahlupheke kwixesha lokugqibela leemmmoths kunye ne- woolly rhinoceroses, kodwa imisebenzi yabantu ibeka ezi zilwanyana kwizilwanyana ezisengozini.

Iimpawu zembono

I-Saigak isilwanyana esingazikhulu kakhulu, ubude bomzimba bufikelela ku-1-1.4 m kwaye ubude bayo buyi-0.6 ukuya kwi-0.8 m kwiindawo ezifihlayo, ezibonakaliswe ngumntu onobunzima obunobumba obunomzimba omnene: obomvu ehlobo kunye nobumnyama obumnyama ebusika. Isisindo somzimba we-antelope sihluka ukusuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-40 kg. Kukho abantu abanokufikelela kwiikhilo ezili-60, kodwa oku kubonakala kunqabileyo. Ikopa eliprintiweyo linesimo senhliziyo enomphetho osisigxina esingu-6-8 cm ubukhulu kwaye iyafana kakhulu nemfuyo yasekhaya. Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezingaqhelekanga okanye eziyingozi, i-antelope inikeza ilizwi - bayabetha.

I-Saiga, esithombeni sayo esinikwe ekuhlaziyweni, sinomfanekiso wokuqala kwaye ungayibaleki ngumbonge owandisiweyo kwi-muzzle. Oku kubalulekile, nangona i-muzzle encinci ifunekayo kwisilwanyana. Ngokunyusa i-lumen yesigxina se-nasal, ivuselela umoya obandayo ebusika, okwenza i-saigas ibe lula ukunyamezela ubunzima bebusika. Ehlotyeni, iindinyana ezixubileyo zisetyenziswa njengefayile, kucima umoya ovela eludini nokukhusela ukungena kwimiphunga. Kwiimeko ezinzima zobomi, loo nto ihlala isindisa ubomi bomnini wayo.

I-saiga ishukunyuka kwi-steppe ngokumangalisayo kwaye iyancipha. Ubonakala ekhupha, intloko yakhe iphantsi. Ukusuka kunoma yiphina ingozi ephumayo, i-antelope iphunyukileyo, ukuphuhlisa isantya ukuya kuma-60-70 km / h. Enyanisweni, i-saiga iyakwazi ukuqhuba kwi tempo enjalo ngaphezu kwama-10-12 km. Ekuhambeni, uyaphuma ngexesha elide.

Iintloko zamadoda zihlotshiswe ngeempondo ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo, eziqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa. Iimpondo zonyaka-nonyaka zinomthi omnyama. Ngomnyaka omnye unyaka, umbala weempondo uhluka ukusuka emnyama ukuya ekukhanyeni. Bafumana isakhiwo esihle kakhulu, esine-wax-like. Kubantu abadala, ubude beempondo bufikelela kuma-40 cm.

Iimpondo ze-saiga, ubuhle babo obuqhelekileyo kunye neepropati zonyango zadlala indima ebuthathaka ebomini bakhe. Eyona nto ixabiseke kakhulu kwimarike emnyama, ibangele ukuqothulwa kweerbaric kwenani elikhulu lezilwanyana.

Indawo

Kwixesha la mandulo, i-saigas yayihlala kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kodwa emva kweminyaka yobuqhophololo, yagcinwa kuphela kwimimandla yelizwekazi. Kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo, eselulela kwiinqanaba zeentaba zaseCarpathian, ububanzi beendawo zabo zincinci kakhulu kwinkulungwane ye-20 kwaye namhlanje luhlala kwiindawo ezincinci kwimimandla e-Russia. I-antpe antelope ihlala iindawo ezivulekileyo kunye neendawo ezilukhuni okanye zodongwe, ukuphepha nokuncinciza kunye nokukhethwa kwintsiba engapheliyo yenkqantosi kunye nentlango. Kubalulekile ukuba azive ekhuselekile kwaye angayi kuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza ngeentshaba zendalo.

Namhlanje i-saiga antelope ihlala kwiindawo ezihlanu ezihlukeneyo-i-Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, iTurkmenistan ne-Uzbekistan. Kwiindawo ezivulekileyo zaseRashiya, abantu baseSaiga bahlala eKalmykia, ebonisa isizathu sokubiza i-kalmyk antelope. Yintoni i-saiga idla?

Ehlala kwiindawo ezomileyo eziphantsi komhlaba, i-saiga isiqhelise ukutya iintyatyambo kunye neengqolowa ehlobo, i-solyanki-ebusika. Ukhohlakele kwaye unqwenela ukuhlala kude neendawo zokuhlala, ujikeleza igadi zegadi kunye namasimi. Amanzi ekuxhaseni ubomi afunekayo kuphela ehlobo.

Uphi i-saiga ihlala phi?

I-Saiga igcinwe emhlambini yamanani ahlukeneyo - ngamanye amawaka iintloko ezili-10-50, ngamanye amaxesha 100 okanye ngaphezulu. Bahlala bejikeleza-ebusika baya kwiindawo ezinqabileyo ezinqamlekileyo zekhephu, ehlotyeni - ukuya kwiindawo ezivulekileyo.

I-Saiga, indawo yokuhlala yendalo leyo i-steppe, iyalungelelaniswa ukuba iphile kwiindawo ezinqabileyo ezisenyakatho, inokukwazi ukujamelana nokushisa kwehlobo kunye nobusika obusika, kunokutya ngaphezu kwezityalo ezihluphekileyo kwaye ungaphuzanga. Iinkomo zabafuduki ziyafuduka kwisigqibo esingapheliyo sokutya okungenakuthobeka, ngaphandle kokulimala kwezolimo. I-Saigas ihamba ngokufanelekileyo kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya, zidla kwezinye iidlelo kwaye zingadli kuzo. Singaxelela ukuba imfu ayidli into yokutya i-saiga. Isisu sakhe sitshisa ikhula kunye nezityalo ezinetyhefu ezinye ezinye izityalo ezinqabileyo.

Ukufuduka kwama-saigas

I-Saigas yimixoqo. Bahlala, behlala behamba, abahlali kuyo yonke indawo. Bahlala besendleleni, befuna ukutya okuphambili - izityalo ezinobuncwane.

Kulo lonke ixesha lasehlotyeni iinkomo ze-saigas zityalwa ngamanani amancinci kwiindawo zokuhamba, zidla ekuqhubeni amahlumela ahlukeneyo, zifumana ukutya kunye namanzi afanelekileyo emzimbeni. Ngobusika baqokelela ngeenkunzi zeenkomo, kwaye banamathela kwiindawo ezinqabileyo, baya emzantsi. Ukuqala kwamaqanda ebusika, iinqabhoko zeqhwa, njl njll yenza i-antelope ifuduke kwiindawo ezilula. Abagijimi abagqwesileyo nabaqinileyo, i-saigas iyakwazi ukunqoba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezimbini ngosuku. Kodwa, ke, inkululeko enjalo ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwexhoba. Umhlambi, okhokelwa yiNkokeli, efuna ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwimihlaba yeemeko ezinzima zokuthunjwa kwekhephu kwiindawo ezikhululekile, uhamba ngesantya sababesilisa abanomdla, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukuphumla. Abantu ababuthathaka nabagulayo kaninzi abakwazi ukuma iimvavanyo ezinjalo. Ukwesaba ukuwa emva kweentsapho, baleka, baphume kwindlela, kwaye bahlala befile xa beqhuba.

Ukudibanisa kwama-antelopes emhlambini omkhulu kunye nokufuduka kwawo okusebenzayo kuyinto ekhangayo, ekhangayo kunye ne-grandiose. Umhlambi ngamnye ulandela ngqo umkhokeli ekude, uphinda onke amanquko akhe, nokuba yinto engabonakaliyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwindlela yokunyuka kwimizila yeenkomo ze-saigas ziyakwazi ukugcinwa iintsuku eziliqela.

Gon

Ekuqaleni kwebusika, ixesha lokuqala liqala. Ngeli xesha le ndoda ilahlekelwa ngumdla wayo kwaye ivuyiswa kakhulu. Banobukrakra, phakathi kwabo kukho ukuxabana okukrakra, ngexesha lidla ngokubangela izilonda ezinzulu, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekufeni komnye wabathathi-nxaxheba ekulweni. Umntu ngamnye ubeka indawo yakhe, eshiya i-litter, kwaye eyakhela "iindlovu" zakhe ezivela kubasetyhini, aphinde ahlaselwe ngokulwa namanye amazwe, inani lawo linokuhluka ukusuka kwiintloko ezi-5 ukuya kuma-50. Inani labo lixhomekeke kumandla kunye nomsebenzi wendoda. Ukongezelela, uyanyanzelekile ukuba ahlale eqinisekisa ilungelo lakhe lokuba ngumntu. Enye indoda inokuthi ibenze "abafazi", kwaye imfazwe iqala kwakhona. Xa umninimzi ulahlekelwa, umnqwenqo onqobayo uthatha amabhinqa amaninzi.

Ukuzaliswa nokulinda ubomi

I-antelope ye-Kalmyk ayihlali ixesha elide, ukulindela ubomi kubafazi kunye nabesilisa kuyahluke. Abesilisa baphila iminyaka engama-4-5, amabhinqa alinganiswa ixesha elide - iminyaka eyi-8-9. Kodwa umsebenzi wokuzala we-antelopes uyamangalisa: bavelisa ngokukhawuleza. Sekuneminyaka engama-sixhenxe amabhinqa afikelela ekuvuthweni ngokwesini kwaye athathe inxaxheba kumncintiswano, athathe inzala yokuqala kwiminyaka yobudala. Abafana bafikelela ekuvuthweni ngama-2.5 kuphela.

I-calving yaminyaka yonke iyenzeka ngoMeyi. Abafazi abakhulelweyo, abaqoqelwe emhlambini, bashiya umhlambi, bekhetha ukuxhoma iindawo ezizithulu zentsiba kunye neentlobo ezincinci okanye ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokungabikho kwamanzi emzimbeni, oko kukuthi, indawo apho abadlali abangaboni khona. Ukungalungiseleli nayiphi na i-nooks ekhethekileyo, bazala ngokuthe ngqo kwihlabathi.

Inkunzi yokuqala yethokazi ivelisa enye ithole, kubantu abadala abadala 2-3 iintsana ziyazalwa. Iintsuku zokuqala azinakunceda, zilala phantsi kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo azihambeli, ukudibanisa ngenxa yobubala bazo kunye nemvelaphi jikelele yomhlaba. Uhlobo lwabanyamekela, lunikeza ithuba lokuba lube nzima kwixesha elibhetele kakhulu lobomi, elisoloko libalondoloza ekuhlaselweni kweentshaba zendalo - iifreyiti, izimpungushe, iinjenge okanye ezinye izilwanyana, xa zisondela, umntwana ukhululeka, udibana nomhlaba ukuze kunzima ukubona. Saiga, mhlawumbi abantwana abathobelayo kwihlabathi. Ngaphandle kokuhamba, balala phantsi baze balinde ukuba unina afike azondle. Amabhinqa ngeli xesha adla, atyelela abantwana ngamaxesha amaninzi ngosuku.

Ngeveki, umntwana we-saiga, umfanekiso wakhe uboniswe ngentla, sele ulandele umama, emva kokubini ukuhamba, ukuphuhlisa isantya somntu omdala, kwaye inyanga emva koko uqala ukucoca utshani.

Ukunyusa

Ehlobo, i-saiga yoboya inomthunzi onomthunzi onxantathu, ngokusondele kwimimandla yemvelo ye-steppes eyomileyo. Ngemuva, kubumnyama kwiitoni kwaye kukhanya kakhulu kumacala. Kabini ngonyaka - ekwindla nakusentwasahlobo - i-moult ine-molt. Ubusika obusika bubomvu obude obukhulayo obusika kwaye bukhusela isilwanyana kwiqhwithi zekhephu. Kugqithise ngakumbi kunehlobo kwaye kaninzi kunemibala emnyama. Ukongezelela, i-saigas yasebusika ineenwele ebusweni babo, njengalezo ze-reindeer. Zikhusela impumlo kwi-hypothermia. Ngethuba lonke lobusika, iingubo zobusika busika zihlala zikhonza i-saiga, kwaye ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ibuye ithathelwe indawo yindawo yokukhanya ebomvu ebomvu.

Iintshaba zemvelo ze-saigas

I-Saigas zizilwanyana ezikhokelela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Intshaba eyingozi kunazo zonke ngabantu abadala , iyomeleleyo kwaye ihlakaniphile, ukuba ibalekele apho i-antelope inokuphela. Unako ukutshabalalisa ngaphezu kwekota yesibini. Iimbusi ezixhambileyo eziye zaphambuka kwiipakethi zifumana kwaye zibhubhise abesilisa, zibuthathaka emva kwezilwanyana, izilwanyana ezizizisayo, izilwanyana ezigulayo. Ayingekho iingozi kuma-antelope ezinye izidumbu. Ukuhlaselwa kwezimpungushe, izimpungushe kunye neenja ezilahlekayo zihlala zibonakala kwi-Saiga. Kwaye iintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa ziya kuba zixhoba ze-ferrets, ii-eagles kunye nezimpungushe. Kodwa izinga eliphezulu lokuzaliswa kwezilwanyana liyakwazi ukulinganisa iintlekele zemvelo.

Inani elikhulu lezilwanyana ziyafa ngenxa ye-pasteurellosis. Kuphela ngo-2010 ubhubhane besi sifo lunciphise inani le-margaeca ngentloko eyi-12 eyintloko.

Ukuzingela nokuzingela

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo edlulileyo iindawo ze-saigas ezihlala kwiindawo ezivela kwi-Ukraine ukuya kwiLake Baikal, kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 zagcinwa eRussia kuphela kwiindawo zaseVolga naseKazakhstan. Kwakunjalo ukutshabalalisa okunzulu kweentlobo uLenin wakhupha umyalelo okhethekileyo owenqabela ukuzingela i-antelope, engazange iphuze ukuchaphazela ukwanda okwandayo kwinani leemfuyo.

Ngaphakathi kwekhulu lama-20, inani le-saiga lalikhulile lizigidi ezimbini. Kucacile ukuba, yathintela ukuvalwa kwe-antelope, kunye nokupheliswa kwezilwanyana ezinobungozi kwezilwanyana - i-saiga gadfly. Ngeli xesha legolide, inkulu yeenkomo zabafuduki zihlala zijikeleza kuzo zonke iindlela zokufuduka kwazo. Phakathi kwamashumi amahlanu, ukuzingelwa kweentengiso kwavunyelwa kwakhona kwi-saigas.

Le meko yatshintsha kuma-70s, xa uphuhliso olusebenzayo lwemimandla emikhulu, eyayiyindawo yokuhlala ye-saigas, yanciphisa kakhulu indawo yabo. Ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi, ukwakhiwa kweendlela, ukuchithwa kwamazwe, ukukhutshwa kwamaminerali kwaphazamisa indlela yokuphila yobunqunu, ukuthintela iindlela zemvelo zokufuduka kwe-artiodactyls, kwaye inani le-saigas liphinde linciphisa ukwenzela ukuba ukuzingela kwakhona kuvinjelwe. I-Antelopes ikwazi ukubona indawo yeKalmyk.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kweSoviet Union kuthintela abantu balapho izilwanyana nge-ricochet. Ukuba ngaphambili iintlobo zahlala kwindawo yommandla omnye kwaye zikhuselwe yiyo, ngoko
Namhlanje i-saiga antelope isilwanyana esihlala kumazwe amaninzi angasayina nayiphi na imiqulu yezizwe ngezizwe ngokukhusela iintlobo ezinqabileyo. Ukudubula okungalawulwayo kwezilwanyana kunye nokusondeza - ezi ziintlungu apho inqwaba yepaki ephakamileyo ayinakufaniswa. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu base-siga kuqala kwenyama, kwaye emva kweempondo zabesilisa, ngokugqithiselwa eShayina, kwakhokelela ekuhlahleni kwehleko kwinani le-antelopes, elilinganiselwa kuma-35,000 kuphela. Oku kuncinci kakhulu, becinga ukuba uninzi lwama-antelopes ahlalayo ngamabhinqa.

Amanyathelo okukhusela

Ukuqwalasela ubunzima obudalwe ngabantu base-siga, urhulumente uthathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukukhusela iintlobo kwi-Aral Sea, eKazakhstan nase-Astrakhan steppes. Namhlanje, kwiZiko apho izilwanyana zasendle zaseKalmykia zifundiswa khona, kukho iqela elincinci, elincinci elincinci njengendawo yokugcinwa kweentlobo ukuba iintlungu ezingalindelekanga ziza kwenzeka nge-saigas zasendle. Amawaka angama-20 ama-saigas ahlala kwindawo ephantsi kwiKalmykia kwintsimi ye-biosphere yolondolozo. I-antelope yaseKalmyk iphinda ihlala "kwiRostovsky" kwindawo eLake Manych-Gudilo.

Inkxaso yezilwanyana zasendle inceda ukubuyisela imfuyo ye-siga - izibonelelo zinikwe ukuxhasa inkqubo eyenziweyo yabarhwebi abasindileyo eKalmykia.