I-Prince Eugen i-cruise enkulu: iimpawu eziphambili. I-Prinz Eugen (1938)

I-cruiser "iNkosana uEugen" yayiyinkqonkqo yenkampani yeHitler yaseJamani. Kwakuyena mandla kunalo xesha izixhobo elwandle, ezenziwe ngokukhanya kwazo zonke iimfuno zanamhlanje kwaye zinezinye iimpawu ezintle phakathi kweenqwelo zempi zexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphela kwesi nqanawa kwakubuhlungu kakhulu. Masifunde ukuba yiyiphi i-Cruiser Prince Prince eugen, iimpawu zayo eziphambili kunye nembali ekupheleni kwayo.

Imbali yendalo

I-cruiser yaseJamani i-Prinz Eugen yadalwa kwisiqingatha sesibini se-30 yekhulu lokugqibela. Umyalelo wokudala indalo yayo waya kwiinqanawa zaseJamani zikaHenry Krupp Germaniawerft ngoNovemba 1935. Le nkampani yenziwe ngumrhwebi uLloyd Foster ngo-1867 edolophini yaseGaarden, kufuphi neKiel, iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuvela kolawulo olulodwa lwaseJamani phantsi kolawulo lwePrussia. Ekuqaleni, iqumrhu lalibizwa ngokuba yi "Inkampani yaseNyakatho yaseJamani". Ngomnyaka we-1896, yafunyanwa ngenye yezona zizityebi kakhulu eJamani zorhwebo-intsapho yaseKrupp. I-shipyard ayivelanga nje impi kuphela, kodwa nayo iinqanawa zomkhosi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kwafika kwindawo yesibini ekunikezeni iinqanawa kwi-German Imperial Navy. Ngexesha lePalabathi yokuqala, iinqanawa zasemanzini nazo zanikela umkhosi.

"INkosana uEugen" yayiza kuba yinqanawa yesithathu yesiJamani kwinkqubo, kwisakhelo apho abaqhubi abanzima be-Admiral Hipper baveliswa. Kule ngqungquthela, iinqanawa ezimbini sele zivele zikhutshwe - "i-Admiral Hipper" eyakhelwe ngo-1937, emva koko umgca wecandelo lonke lithethwa igama, kunye ne "Blucher" yaloo nyaka wokukhululwa. Ukongezelela, ababini abahamba ngesiza-"uLutzov" kunye ne "Seydlitz" -kuza kwakhiwa. Kodwa ekupheleni kwemfazwe babengakalungi. Ukwakhiwa kwe "Prince Eugen" kwamukelwe uphawu "J".

Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-Apreli 1936 kwaye kwaphela iminyaka engama-2 nehafu. Ibiza indleko yaseJamani kwimali eyi-109 yezigidi zeReichsmarks. Ukuthelekisa, iindleko zeenqanawa zaseBrithani zolu hlobo "lweNgcaciso" laliphindwe kabili kangange-2.5. Ekugqibeleni, i-Prince Eugen i-cruiser eyindleko yasungulwa ngo-Agasti 1938. Kodwa kuthatha enye iminyaka emibini ukugqiba zonke iiyunithi zangaphakathi nezixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, i-cruiser yagqibe yangena kwiJamani ngo-Agasti 1940.

Igama le-cruiser

I-cruising cruiser ye-German Prince Eugen yafumana igama layo ngenhlonipho yombutho omkhulu kummandla wase-Austrian waseHabsburgs ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 neye-18, uNkosana uEugene waseSavoy. Nangona wayengomnye weentsapho ezisemthethweni ze-feudal duchy e-Italy kwaye wazalelwa eParis, ezininzi iimpumelelo zakhe ezigqwesileyo, ngokukodwa izenzo ezinempumelelo kwimfazwe yelifa leSpain kunye nenkampani yaseTurkey, zachithwa kwinkonzo yesithsaba sase-Austria. Phakathi kokunqoba kwakhe okukhulu njengenkokeli yempi yilezi zilandelayo: i-Battle of Zent (1697), ukubonakaliswa kwe-Turin (1706), iMpi yaseMalplak (1709), ukuthunjwa kweBelgrade (1717).

Ngowe-1938 kwakukho i-anschluss (isihlomelo) sase-Austria ukuya eJamani. Oku kwavela ngeprocaganda ye-fascist njengokuhlanganiswa kwesizwe. Ukubonisa ubunye beJamani kunye neAstriya, kwagqitywa ukuba igama lale mkhumbi entsha ngokuhlonela umlawuli waseAustria obalaseleyo. Uzuko luka-Eugene waseSavoy lufanele lube ngumqondiso wokunqoba kwe-cruiser. Ngoko umkhumbi u-Prinz Eugen ngo-1938 wakhupha igama layo.

Iinkcukacha zobugcisa

Yiyiphi i-Cruiser Prince Prince eugen kwimigangatho yobugcisa?

Ubude bayo buyi-199.5 m kunye nokugqithwa okuqhelekileyo, kunye ne-207.7 m ekugqibeleni. Ukufuduka kweenqanawa kwakuyi-14,506 ngeetoni ezixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kunye neetoni ezingama-19,042 ezipheleleyo. Ububanzi beenqanawa babuyi-21.7 m. Isantya esiphezulu se-cruiser safikelela kumaqhina angama-32, e-59.3 km / h. Ubungakanani bendawo yamatye e-steam amathathu kunye neebhoyili ezilishumi elinambini zeenqanawa zi-132,000, okanye 97 MW. Ukuqulunqwa kwesitya i-Prinz Eugen yayivela kwi-5.9 ukuya kwi-7.2 m. Kwijubane lama-knots ama-16, i-cruiser ingenza ukuhamba kwe-non-stop ukuya kumgama ongama-6.8 weekhilomitha ezilikhulu zamanzi. Abasebenzi belo nqanawa begqityiwe kwiqela kwi-1400-1600 abantu, okwakunzima kakhulu kwinqanawa yale klasi.

Ubunzima beentonga zokulwa kwiinqaba zafikelela kuma-160 mm. Ngelo xesha, kwakuyi-thinnest emanqeni - 30 mm, nangamahlangothi - ukusuka kuma-40 mm. Ubunzima beenqwelwe kwiinqwelo kunye ne-barbets zalingana no-80 mm.

"INkosana uEugen" yayisetyenziswa ngabanamhlanje kwiixhobo zomsakazo ze-othotholo, umgangatho ongenakuziqhayisa ngazo zonke iinqwelo zemfazwe ehlabathini. Wayedume ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela yokufumanisa, okwazi ukufumana intshaba elwandle, esibhakabhakeni naphantsi kwamanzi. Ngaphakathi kwinqanawa kwakukho iikhomputha ze-analog. Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi beekhompyutheni bambi badlala ihlaya elibi kunye ne-cruiser, kuba ubuchwepheshe obutsha babenezinye iingxaki ezithile, kwaye ezinye zacaca "ziluhlaza". Kodwa nangona kunjalo, iinqanawa zazingalingani kwezobuchwepheshe kwiYurophu.

Amandla

Amandla okulwa awakungekho amandla enqanawa i-Prinz Eugen. Kodwa ngelo xesha, esi siphene sasihlawulwa ngethuba lokulawulwa komlilo olujoliswe kukunye xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinqanawa kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo zanamhlanje zokufumanisa intshaba.

Ingalo yesikhephe yayinombhobho wezixhobo ezi-arrayibhozo ezingama-203 mm, izibhamu ezilishumi elinambini ze-105 mm zokulwa neenqwelo-moya, ezithandathu izibhamu ezingama-37-mm, kunye nezibhamu eziyi-10 mm. Ukongezelela, i-cruiser yayinee-torpedo tubes ezilinganayo ezingama-533 mm kunye neenqwelo ezili-12 ezinjenge-torpedoes. Iqela lomoya liqukethe enye ye-catapult ye-pneumatic kunye neenqwelo ezine zokubonga.

Imfazwe Yokuqala

Ubhaptizo lwaseBhitana inqanawa "iNkosana uEugen" yafunyanwa ngexesha lemfazwe yempi, eyaziwa ngokuba yimfazwe kwiDanish Strait.

Inqanawa yokuqala yangena elwandle oluvulekileyo ngoMeyi 1941. Wayehamba kunye nabatshabalali ababini, kunye namasango amaninzi angena. Kungekudala, "uNkosana uEugen" wadibana nomnye umkhombe odumiweyo weMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini - ibutho "iBismarck". Uhambo lwabo oludibanayo lwadlula kwiDanish.

Ukufuduka kweenqanawa zaseJamani kuye kwavala iinqanawa zaseBrithani. NgoMeyi 24, 1941, imfazwe yenziwa phakathi kwabo. Ekulweni, iinqanawa ezininzi zaseBritani zachithwa, i-Bismarck ibhajethi yayonakaliswa, u-Prinz Eugen wakwazi ukugqithisa. Inqanawa iya kwiNyakatho yoLwandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemeko ezininzi, akazange akwazi ukuzuza ngokuthathwa kweenqwelo zeentengiso. NgoJuni 1941, emva kohambo lweeveki ezimbini, i-cruiser yafika kwibhantshi yesixeko saseFransi saseBrest, esilawulwa yi-Wehrmacht.

Buyela eJamani

Kodwa eBrest, "iNkosana uEugen" kunye nezinye iinqanawa zaseJamani zazihlala zibonakaliswe kwingozi yokutshatyalaliswa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamabhankathi aseBrithani. NgoFebruwari 1942, kwagqitywa ukuba kubuyisele i-cruiser kunye neenqwelo zokulwa "iGneisenau" kunye ne "Scharnhost" kwiichweba zaseJamani. Esi siganeko ekuphumeleleni kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kwakubizwa ngokuba yi "Operation Cerberus."

Nangona ebudeni bokubuyela ekhaya, i-cruiser yahlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngeenqwelo kunye neenqwelo zeentshaba, wayesakwazi ukufikelela emlonyeni we-Elbe River ezinsukwini ezintathu ezingaphelelanga . Umsebenzi unokuqwalaselwa ngempumelelo. Kwakuyintlupheko engaphelelanga kunye neengcaphephe kuzo zonke iNgesi YesiNgesi, ngaphantsi kwempumlo yaseBrithani kunye ne-navy. Ukuqhubela phambili kubonakalise ukunqoba kwamaJamani kunye nokuqinisa umoya wabo. Nangona isicwangciso sokuguqulwa kwimeko ejongene neJamani, imeko yolwandle ayizange kwenzeke.

Emanzini aseBaltic

Isigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi we-"Prince Eugen" sidibaniswe nokufumanisa emanzini eBaltic Sea, apho kusandula kutshintshwa khona.

Akunakwenzeka ukubiza eli xesha lembali ye-cruiser. Enyanisweni, ngelo xesha wayenza imisebenzi yebhanti enkulu ebhokisini yaseBaltic, nangona, ngokwemvelo, oku kwakungeyona injongo yayo yokuqala. Ininzi, "uKumkani u-Eugen" waphunyezwa kummandla ogxinwa ngumtshaba. Kwafuneka ndibe ne-shell kunye namacandelo am. Ngokomzekelo, kwenzeka ntoni xa i-Army ebomvu yayisondela eGenenhafen. Kwaye kwaneenxa zonke iDanzig (i-Gdansk yanamhlanje ePoland) ihlupheke kwi-shelling. Ngexesha elifanayo lokuba khona kwalo, i-cruiser yaya ekuhlaselweni kummandla waseNorway.

Kwakwenzekile kuye nangangenangqondo. Ngoko, "iNkosana uEugen" inqamle i-cruiser yaseJamani "iLeipzig" eyayisandishiye emasangweni.

Ngo-Epreli 1945, "iNkosana uEugen" yathunyelwa kwikomkhulu laseDenmark - iCopenhagen. Wahlala khona kwaze kwasayinwa i-Germany.

Iziphumo zemfazwe

Nangona ubukhokheli baseJamani babenethemba elikhulu kwi-cruiser uNkosana uEugen, kwakungekho ukuthethelela iinqanawa zabo. Le nqanawa yayijoliswe ukulwa e-Atlantic Ocean kunye ne-US neBrithani, kodwa ininzi yexesha wayehamba njengesikebhe sokubhukuda e-Baltic Sea. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba iJamani ayikwazanga ukunyanzelisa imfazwe enzima kwiiLyunithi zolwandle. I-Kriegsmarine (imikhosi yemikhosi yaseRussia yeThathu) ngokucacileyo ivelise ngamandla e-British fleet, ngokubambelela ngokuqinisekileyo ubukhulu kwizilwandle zaseYurophu.

Ngaphezu koko, emva kwemfazwe kwathi uNkosana uEugen akakwazanga ukucima nayiphi na iinqanawa zeentshaba. Nangona wawonakalisa omnye wabatshabalali baseBrithani waza wadutyhulwa malunga neenqwelo ezininzi zeentshaba. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuba intshaba ayikwazanga ukumenza umonakalo omkhulu. Kodwa ekupheleni kwemfazwe, iinqwelo ze-cruiser zaphela. Ngokomzekelo, iigobols ezi-8-intshi izibhamu zaseJamani zayeka ukuvelisa ngo-1942. Iinqwelo ze-203 mm, ezazisisiseko, e-cruiser zahlala zingaphantsi kwemashumi mane.

Singathetha ukuba izenzo ze "Prince Prince" eLwandle lwaseBaltic, apho achitha khona amaninzi imbali yakhe emfutshane, efana nokubethelwa kweentlunkulu ezivela kwidonki. I-cruiser enamandla yobukhulu obufanayo kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa zazibiza kakhulu ukufezekisa imisebenzi ye "nqanawa enkulu yempu yaseBaltic". Kodwa i-feat enkulu ye-nqanawa yayisisaphambili, emva kokuphela kwemfazwe. Siza kuxubusha ngoku ngakumbi ngezantsi.

Njengenxalenye ye-US Navy

Emva kokunikezelwa kweJamani ngoMeyi 1945, uNkosana uEugen wathunyelwa e-United States of America ngokwemvumelwano yasePotsdam. NgoJanuwari 1946, wathunyelwa eBrmen waza wajoyina i-US Navy. Nangona kunjalo, ngoko wamkela isikhundla sokungabi yinqanawa yemfazwe, kodwa kuphela yinqanawa yokuhlola. Umyalelo we-cruiser uhanjiswe kwiCaptain 1st Rank A. I-Graubart, owathi, nangona ubemi baseMerika, yayingumYuda waseJamani.

Kungekudala i-cruiser yenze uhambo lwe-transatlantic, ngeli xesha lidluliselwa eBrmen liya kwisixeko saseMelika saseBoston. Kwisango lale ndawo "iNkosana uEugen" yahlolwa ngokucophelela. Kwakhona, zonke izixhobo, kuquka izixhobo, zahlulwa kwi-shore. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zekhomishoni, kwagqitywa ukuba ithumele umkhombe kwi-Bikini Atoll njengenjongo yokuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya.

Ngo-Matshi, i-cruiser yasuka eBoston ukuba idluliselwe emanzini oLwandle lwasePacific, elalihamba ngePanama Canal. Emva koko, emanzini asePacific, wamisa eSan Diego eCalifornia. Emva koko, "uNkosana uEugen" waya eHawaii. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sikaMeyi, wafikelela kwisiqalo sase-US kulezi ziqithi - iPearl Harbor. NgoJuni 1946, yafika kwi-Bikini Atoll-indawo yokugqibela.

Vavanyo lwe nyukliya

Ukufa kwekhephe "iNkosana uEugen" kwenzeka ngenxa yezixhobo zokuhlola izixhobo zenukliya eMelika kwi-Bikini Atoll. Ukuqhuma kwenziwa ngoJulayi 1, 1946. Ukongeza kwi-Prince Eugen cruise, ezinye iinqwelo zemfazwe zehlabathi, ngokukodwa iinqwelo kunye neenqwelo zaseMerika, nazo zathatha inxaxheba kuyo.

Isisombululo sokuqala senyukliya sisetyenziswe kwi-cruiser evela emoyeni. Ukukhanya kwakhanya ngokukhanya okuphazamisayo, kwanduluka amandla amakhulu. I-epicenter ye-blast ye-bhimkliya yehlile yayiye-8-10 ikhefu ukusuka kwinqanawa. Wonke umntu wayekholelwa ukuba iinqanawa zavuthwa kwi-shreds. Kodwa nangona kwakulindelwe, umonakalo womkhumbi wawungabalulekanga. Enyanisweni, bekunokuphela kwepeyinti echithwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuqhuma okulandelayo kwintloko yeempikliya kwenziwe ngamanzi. Eli xesha umonakalo wawubaluleke ngakumbi. Amakhredithi amashishini ayexinzelelwe kwi-cruiser, kwaye yanika ukuvuza, kodwa ayizange idibanise kwaye ayizange isinike isithende. Ukunyaniseka okunjalo kwinqanawa yaseJamani kwabetha amaMelika. Baceba ukutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuhlaselwa okuchazwe ngasentla. Ngoku "iNkosana uEugen" yaxoshwa kwisiqhotho saseKouzieni kunye nezilindelekileyo ezizayo.

Kodwa, ngelishwa, isithwathwa salo mkhumbi sasihlambulukile nge-radio. Ngoko ke, i-cruiser yagqiba yonke into efanayo ukutshabalalisa kwikhosi. Nangona kunjalo, nangemva kokuqhuma kwesithathu umkhumbi wawuqhubeka. Umkhukula walo wenziwa kancane kancane, xa elinye igumbi likhukhula emva komnye. Ekupheleni, kwiintsuku ezingama-20 kaDisemba 1946, iipompo zazingenakukwazi ukujamelana nemali engenayo yamanzi. Le nqanawa yanikezela umqulu, kwaye iiphotholo zingaphantsi kwezinga elwandle. Umkhosi wase-US wenza isilingo sokusindisa iinqanawa, kodwa bekusekupheleni kwexesha, i-cruiser yatshona kufuphi ne-atoll yase Kouzieni, ishiya kuphela i-keel ephezulu. Kuloo ndawo, ihlala yakhe isezantsi kolwandle kuze kube namhlanje.

Okumangalisa ngokwenene ukuqina kwesi sikhephe. Kodwa kukho i mibuzo. Kuthekani ukuba i-cruiser yayingeyona yinjongo yeebhomu zenyukliya, kodwa yayiza kuba neqela elilwela ubomi bomkhumbi, eyenziwe imingxuma, yancedisa ukupompa amanzi kwiipompo? Kungenzeka ukuba kulo mzekelo, ukuqhuma ezintathu kungenakwanela ukucima iNkosana uEugen.

Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, iinqanawa ezazakhiwa ngamaJamani ukuba zihlasele abantu baseMerika kunye namaqabane abo, zaba ngumsebenzi ongaqondangayo wokuvavanya isixhobo esinamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esenzelwe ukubonakalisa umqondiso wamandla empi aseUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, amaMerika ayenomnye umbambano omkhulu. Emva kokuwa kweRussia yesithathu, iSoviet Union yaba yinto.

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zesitya

I-cruiser iNkosana uEugen yayiyinqanawa ekhethekileyo yohlobo lwayo. Njengabo bonke abafudukayo abanqabileyo be-Admiral Hipper hlobo, ukufuduka kwekhefu kwangekho ngaphezu kweetoni ezili-10, nangona le mpawu yayiyimida yeenqanawa zale nqanaba, ngokwemimiselo ye-Washington. Kodwa iJamani ngokwayo ifake isakhelo sokuvumeleka. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo yokufuduka kweso sikhephe, isantya sawo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Nangona injongo yokuqala yokwakha "i-Principle ye-Eugen" yayikukunceda iinqwelo zaseJamani kwiimfazwe zeAtlantiki, eqinisweni, yayiqhutyelwa kakhulu emanzini aseLwandle lwaseBaltic okanye ngokuqhelekileyo ihlaya. Inqanawa ithathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe enye okanye engaphantsi kweyona nto, nangona ekuqaleni kwimbali yayo yokulwa - ekulweni kwiDanish Strait. Ngethuba elifanayo lonke ixesha lokuhlala kwalo lo mqhubi wahluleka ukutshabalalisa nayiphi na inqanawa.

Nangona kunjalo, utshaba alukwazanga ukulimaza kakhulu umkhombe uPrince Eugen, nangona uhlaselo lwaluqhutywa olwandle, nakubhakabhaka, nasemhlabeni. Yaba yiyedwa yedwa yeJamani eyasinda ekupheleni kwemfazwe. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo zenyukliya ziza kutshabalalisa le titanium ukususela kwesithathu, yayisungulwe ngokuqinile. Kwaye ke, ukuba kukho umyalelo ebhodini, kunokwenzeka ukuba amaxesha amathathu ayengeke anele.

Nangona iingcali ezininzi zigxeka ukuyila kwe-cruiser, zibiza ngokuba zilukhuni. Abakhi beenqanawa babetyala ngenxa yokuba benza umkhumbi okhuselekileyo, ngokungafani neenqanawa ezininzi zexesha, ezigcinwe kuphela kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo kwaye zibalulekileyo ukugcina ukusebenza kwazo. INkosana u-Eugen yayiphethwe ngokupheleleyo. Kwiindawo ezininzi, iinqwelo zincinci kakhulu ukuba zikhuseleke ngokwenene, kodwa ngelo xesha kwakuyimpahla eyongezelelweyo yokukhupha iinqanawa, ukunciphisa isantya sayo. Nokuba ukugcinwa kweendawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuncinci kunezo zithuthi ezifanayo. Kodwa, njengoko kwavela, ukubhuka kwe-cruiser yaseJamani kwakunelungelo lokugcina iibhobholo ezininzi ezivela esibhakabhakeni naselwandle, kwanokuba zijongene nezixhobo zesixhobo zenukliya. Ngoko amaqiniso aphula yonke into eyenziwa ngabagxeki kwiimbewu.

Kuninzi kwindlela esithathwe ngabadali be "Prince Eugen" ngokwenene kwiintsuku zethu. Umzekelo, i-universality, i-multitasking, i-priority for targeting on the power of volley, indawo ebalulekileyo ye-electronics kulawulo, indima ekhethekileyo kwiindawo zokufumana iintshaba.

Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba umphathi we-cruiser uNkosana u-Eugen usahluleka ukufezekisa nayiphi na imisebenzi ephambili ebekwe phambi kwakhe emhlabeni jikelele, ngenxa yeenjongo zeemeko kunye nezimo. Oku kubangelwa ukungaphumeleli ngokubanzi kwamaJamani e-Atlantic Ocean, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwamandla alo mqhubi othile. Akakwazanga ukuba yintliziyo eqinile kwiAtlantiki, okanye ahluleka ukwenza okungenani umonakalo omkhulu kwiinqwelo zeentshaba.

Akunakutsholwa ukuba inqanawa ihlawulwe ixabiso layo ukuya kuma-Reichsmarks ayi-109 yezigidi. Nangona kunjalo, wayesenako ukuhla emlandweni ngenxa yobungqina bodwa kunye nokungaqiniseki ngaphambili kwiimvavanyo zenyukliya zombutho waseMelika, owamangalisa nakwabo babona imikhosi emininzi kunye neenzululwazi.