I-Russian-Okthoba yo-Okthoba ye-Political Strike, ngo-1905: Inkcazo, iMbali, iziphumo kunye namaNqaku anomdla

Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1905 ukuya kuJuni 1907, iziganeko zenzeka kwiRashiya yaseRashiya, eyaziwa kwimbali njengeNgqungquthela yokuQala yaseRashiya. Ukukhuthazwa kwamanyathelo amaninzi kwakuyiCawa yegazi. Masiqhubeke siqwalasela indlela i-stroke yezopolitiko yaseKrobhu yaseRashiya eyaqala ngayo.

Imbali

Ngomhla kaJanuwari 9, ababonisi bezoxolo eSt. Petersburg badutshulwa yimikhosi yamakhosi. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu umhanjiso wesiteleka uye waba mkhulu. Ingxabano nokuvukela kwaqala kwiNavy kunye nasemkhosini. Ukunganeliseki kwabantu bajika waba yinto enzima yokulwa ne-autocracy. Isiphumo se-Russian-krofti yesibalo se-Oktobha ka-1905 yenziwa yiManifesto.

Mfuneko

Kutheni u-1905 isiteleka sezopolitiko se-Russian-Russia sonke saqala? Umhla apho iziganeko ezichaziweyo zenzeke ngokuhambelanayo kunye nomzuzu woqhagamshelwano oluqineleyo lwezentengiselwano, ukuphulwa kwesikimu sokusasazwa kwemali, ukungaphumeleli kwezityalo kunye nokwanda kwetyala likazwelonke. Zonke ezi zinto ziye zaphucula isidingo sokuguqulwa koorhulumente. Uqoqosho lwendalo, olwalubaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe, laqala ukuhlaziya kwimvelaphi. Ixesha lophuhliso olunzulu kwezoshishino, ukuqaliswa kweendlela ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe buqalisiwe. Konke oku kwakufuna utshintsho olukhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho nezokulawula.

Ukudalwa kwekhomishini ekhethekileyo

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, isiteyathelo sezopolitiko se-Oktobha yonke-saseRashiya ngo-1905 saba ngumntu wabantu kwiziganeko ze-9 kuJanuwari. Emva kokudutshulwa kwababonisi boxolo, uSvyatopolk-Mirsky wasuswa kwisithuba sakhe somphathiswa. UBulygin wamfaka endaweni yakhe kwisithuba sakhe. Isithuba esitsha seRhunywa-Jikelele weSt. Petersburg saqokwa njengomzimba. Trepov. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 29, uNicholas II wakhupha umyalelo malunga nokwakhiwa kwekhomishini ekhethekileyo ephethwe nguSenat Shidlovsky. Umsebenzi walo mzimba kwakukukuqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza izizathu zokunganeliseki kwabasebenzi baseSt. Petersburg kunye neendawo ezikufutshane kunye nokupheliswa kwawo. Njengamalungu ekhomishini, kwakujoliswe ukuba kuqeshwe abavelisi, amagosa kunye namagosa angabasebenzi. Iimfuno ezifunyenwe zilandelayo zivakalisiwe. NgoFebruwari 20 uShilolovskiy wanika ingxelo ngukumkani. Ngaloo nto, wavuma ukungaphumeleli kwekhomishini. Ngomhla ofanayo, phantsi kommiselo we-tsar, wachithwa.

Ingxaki yokuqala

Emva kweziganeko zango-9 kuJanuwari, ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlanzi kwenzeka ezweni lonke. 12-14 Jan. E-Riga naseWarsaw kwakukho ubungqina obuninzi malunga nokubulawa kwabasebenzi baseSt. Petersburg. Abasebenzi boololiwe baseRussia baqala ukujoyina inxaxheba kwintengiso. Ngentwasahlobo, abafundi bajoyina iimvukelo. Ngo-Meyi, isiteleka saqala kwi-Ivanovo-Voznesensk abasebenzi bezentsimbi. Kwimimandla eminingi yezoshishino ii-Soviets zokuqala zabaSebenzi beeMisebenzi zaqala ukwakha. Iingxabano zentlalo zazinzima yimibango yesizwe. Ngoko, eCaucasus kwakukho ukuxabana kwamaArmenian kunye neAzerbaijan.

Izenzo eziqhelekileyo zikaRhulumente

Isiteyimu sezopolitiko zase-Russia zonke zango-Oktobha zaziqhutyelwa kwiimeko zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 18, inkosi yashicilela i-manifesto ifuna ukupheliswa kwembambano yokuqinisa umbuso. Ukongeza, i-Senate yanikwa umyalelo, owavunyelwa ukuhambisa iziphakamiso kwi-Tsar ejoliswe ekuphuculeni inkqubo yolawulo kweli lizwe. Isayibrari isayinwe egameni likaBulygin. Yayilungiselelwe ukulungiselela umthetho kumzimba omelayo - iDuma. Zonke ezi zinto ngendlela ethile zikhokelela ukuqhubela phambili kweentlalo. Iibhunga leSixeko, iintlanganiso ze-zemstvo, iimanyano ezahlukeneyo zeengcali ze-intelligentsia, amanani athile aqala ukuxubusha umba wokubandakanya abantu ekwenzeni umthetho. Isimo sengqondo sabasebenzi kumsebenzi womzimba osungulwe nguBulygin wasungulwa. Izibongozo zaqala ukuqulunqwa ngamandla, iiprojekthi zenguqu. UZemtsy waququzelela iintlanganiso ezintathu (ngoFebhuwari, uEpreli, ngoMeyi). Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwaluqhutywa ngabaphathi beedolophu. Le ngqungquthela iphelile ngokunikezelwa kwesibheno malunga nokumela kwabantu kwikosi. Ngomhla ka-Apreli 17, ukumkani ukhupha ummiselo ekuqiniseni iziseko zokunyamezela ngonqulo. Ngokwalo xwebhu kwavunyelwa ukuba ihambe kwi-Orthodoxy kwezinye iicawa. Ekuqaleni kukaAgasti, uNicholas II useka i-State Duma. Ixesha le-convocation yalo lingekho ngaphaya kwe-Januwari 1906. Kanye nalokhu, iSibonelelo soKhetho sagunyaziwe. Nangona kunjalo, kwimiqathango yesiseko yentando yesininzi engama-4, enye kuphela ephunyeziweyo kwindlela yokuzivocavoca. Unyulo alukho jikelele, alulingani, kwaye alukho ngqo.

Isiteyimu se-Russian-October (umhla)

Ukuguqulwa kwamandla akuzange kuvelise ukwaneliseka kubantu. UNicholas II akazange abonise umdla ofanelekileyo, efuna ukulondoloza inkqubo ye-autocracy. Isiteyibrari sonke saseRussia se-Oktobha sabanjwa ngamaqela amaninzi. AmaBolsheviks adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni isiteleka. Ngomsebenzi wabo baxhomekeke kwizigqibo ezithathwe kwi-Third Congress ye-RSDLP. Ukubambiswa kweembambano ezininzi kubonakaliswe yi-Railway Union. Ngomhla ka-Septemba 19, isiteleka sezoqoqosho sabashicileli baseMoscow saqala. Yaba yintlukwano enkulu phakathi kwabameli bezohlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha iiSoviet zeeKomishina zazimiselwe ngabakwa-Moscow, abashicileli, abenzi bensimbi, abachweli kunye nabasebenzi be-tobacco. Iintlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso ekuxhaseni abasebenzi basebenza ngamanye amaziko oshishino. AmaBolsheviks azama ukuguqulela ukuhlaselwa kwezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemibutho - kwi-Russia yonke. Imibhikisho ebanzi yabasebenzi bomzila kajantshi iqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza le nkqubo.

Inkqubo yesiteleka

6.10 Intlanganiso yabameli beBolshevik imibutho yamacandelo amaninzi ehlanganiso ye-Moscou yenza isigqibo sokuqalisa isiteleka soRashiya. Ngobusuku ngosuku olufanayo, iKomiti ye-RSDLP ifuna isiteleka esiqhelekileyo ukususela kwi-7.10. Yayihlanganisa yonke imigodi ehamba phambili evela eMoscow. Ngomhla ofanayo, inkomfa yembutho yaseBolsheviks yavuma isigqibo sokuvakalisa isiteleka kuyo yonke iMoscow. Isiteyibrari se-Russian-Oktobha esiphezulu sithatha inqanaba elikhulu. Isiteleka emva koMoscow saqala eSt. Petersburg, emva koko kwezinye izixeko ezinkulu. Ngo-Oktobha 17, isiteleka sezopolitiko zase-Russian-Oktobha sagqithisa ukuhamba kuzo zonke izitimela zelizwe. Kwiidolophu ezinkulu, amafektri, amafektri, izitishi zombane, kunye nezithuthi zabekwa. Iposi, i-telegraph, amaziko emfundo, iivenkile kunye namanye amaziko ayeka ukusebenza. Abasebenzi bezoshishino zeemigodi, abasebenzi bezitroli, abafundi, abasebenzi, abasebenzi basefesheni bathatha inxaxheba kwi-strike. Inani elipheleleyo labantu lafikelela kwizigidi ezi-2. Imiboniso kunye nemibutho yabanjwa kuyo yonke indawo. Kwi-Volga, eBaltic, eTranscaucasia, ezininzi zazo zaba ziintlankaso ezixhobileyo kunye namapolisa. Isiteyibrari sonke seRashiya se-Oktobha, ngokufutshane, ngoku iqhubekele enye injongo: ukuphelisa i-autocracy. Abantu abaguqukayo baqalisa ukwenza iiSoviets of Deputies eSt. Petersburg, Ekaterinoslav kunye nezinye izixeko. Imanyano yabasebenzi yabhalwa e Yaroslavl, Vilnius, eTbilisi naseRiga. Inzame ye-autocracy yokudibanisa i-Duma entsha yapheliswa.

Umzuzu onomdla

Ngexesha lokubethelwa kweBolsheviks ngempumelelo isebenzise umgaqo webhokisi lekhohlo. Kwakujoliswe ekusekeni phambili kwintando yesininzi yokuguquguquka kwentando yeninzi ukulwa ne-tsarism phantsi kobunkokeli be-proletariat. Kwimizi emininzi emikhulu, kwakha amakomiti okubambisana. Eminye inkululeko "yokunyanzela" ivakaliswe, ngakwesinye icala, ixhasa isiteleka, nangakolunye uhlangothi, nayo yonke amandla ayo, ikhusele ukugqabhuka kwembambano kwindawo yokuhlaselwa.

Zenzo zikaRhulumente

I-autocracy yenza inzame yokunqandula isiteleka sonke seRussia ngokunyanzelisa. Igosa likaGavumli-Jikelele wePetersburg iTropov lenze umyalelo kumapolisa nasemkhosini ukuba ungabikho nanye abanikeli, ukuphelisa abavukeli. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente akaphumelelanga ukukhusela isiteleka. Ukongezelela, umonakalo wawungumkhosi ngokwawo. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla awazange anakho amandla anele ukukhusela i-revolution. Urhulumente unomlinganiselo othile. ULenin wabhala ngelixa i-autocracy ayengasikho, kwaye uguquko lwalusenalo amandla okwanela ukunqoba. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente unyanzelekile ukuba enze ukuvuma. Ngo-Oktobha 17, 1905, iManifesto isayinwe, iqinisekisa ukukhululeka kwabantu. Kulo xwebhu, uNicholas II wathembisa ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho we-Duma. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zesiteleka sezopolitiko zaseRashiya zange-Okthoba azizange zanelise iiBolsheviks. Ukubonakalisa uhanahaniso nokunyaniseka kwe-autocracy, abaguquleli bafuna ukutshabalalisa ngokutsha ngokuchasene ne-tsarism.

Ukupheliswa kwemibandezelo

Emva kokwamkelwa kweManfesto, iKomidi yaseMoscow, apho iinqununu zenzeke khona, zanikezela umyalelo malunga nokupheliswa kwesiteleka. Ngo-22.10 isiteleka sagqitywa eMoscow. Kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe kunye nomzila wesitimela, isiteyimu saqhubeka saze safika ngomhla wama-25, kwaye kwizithili ezininzi, kwaze kwaba ngoNovemba. Emva kokufumana inkxaso yabameli be-bourgeoisie ye-liberal, abaye baqonda i-manifesto njengesiqalo somgaqo-siseko wophuhliso, urhulumente waqala ukugxeka ngokuchasene nabaguquleli. Ilizwe lonke lalingelwa yi-pogroms kunye neempendulo.