Ivoevoda ... Abalawuli baseRussia

I-voevoda ingumxholo onzima, oqulunqwe ngamacala amabini: "bhomboza" - "umkhosi", kunye "namanzi" - "inkokeli, umqhubi." Ngokwenene sifumana "umqhubi wemikhosi".

Igama elithi "voevoda" lingamaSlavic, ngesiLatini lihambelana ne-dux, kwaye kwisiJamani-ku-Herzog. Ngaloo mihla, amaSlav asekuqaleni ayehlala ephila ubomi bempi, kwaye kwakuqhelekileyo ukuba ukhethe iinkokheli zentlanga ye-veche xa kwenzeka ingozi yomkhosi. Xa sekuphelile, amandla kavoevoda ayaphela.

Ukuxhotyiswa

Ngenkulungwane ye-17, kubonakala kubungozi kwiSlav yaseBaltic naseNtshona, njengoko ingozi yayixotshiwe kumacala ahlukeneyo, ngoko urhulumente wabantu watshintshisa kancane.

UVoevody waseRussia wayenamandla nje kuphela kumkhosi, kodwa nakwimibutho yoluntu kunye nokomoya. Kwakukho iintloko zesizwe, "vladavtsy," ababizwa ngokuthi "abaphathi abaphezulu", nabo babekhonza njengabagwebi abaziintloko nabapristi abakhulu. Emva kwexesha, ezininzi iSlav, igama elithi "voivode" latshintshelwe libe yingcamango "yesikhulu". Ngethuba elithile ngalinye lalinomkhosi wakhe kunye ne-voivod. Wayeyindoda eyayenza imisebenzi yemikhosi ngexesha lokulwa, kodwa kuluntu olungumntu owayephethe imicimbi eyahlukeneyo yoluntu.

Xa ubukumkani babusungulwa, iinqununu zaseMoscow kuphela zazimisela abalawuli beerimenti. Umkhosi wahlukaniswa waba yi-regiments ezintlanu, ekhokelwa ngumnye okanye ngabaphathi abaningana. INkosana yaqwalaselwa njengenkokeli yenkunzi enkulu. Amadikoni ancedisa i-voivodes, ababenzela ubalo kunye nokuqhuba imali yokuhlala. Emva kokuqhambuka kweentlanzi, kwakudingeka ukuba uhlolisise onke amabutho emikhosi kwintlu, kunye nokudala ezintsha kwiinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zokuhlawula imali. Isihloko segosa lombutho wezempi lapheliswa phantsi kwePeter Omkhulu, kwasala kuphela abantu.

Ukuguqulwa kwengcamango

Ngekhulu le-16, kwakukho utshintsho oluncinane. Abalawuli beeNgingqi baqala ukubizwa ngokuba ngonyaka, kuba baqeshwe unyaka, kamva-ngabahlali beedolophini. Ngekhulu le-17 kwakukho ukuqaliswa ngokubanzi kwesi sithuba. Ngexesha leengxaki, kwakukho imfuneko yamandla empi kuwo wonke umzi, kwakunye nebhunga elilawulayo le-Moscow kunye namaphondo, okuya kuba namandla phezu kweeklasi zentlalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo yayingathunyelwa irhuluneli enye, kodwa ininzi (abalawuli beesibini nabesithathu), oomabhalana kunye nababhali. Ukulahlwa kwerhuluneli kwakuyinxenye enkulu yamasebe karhulumente wengingqi. Imisebenzi yabo yayibandakanya ukuqashwa kwemikhosi, ukukhutshwa kwemvuzo ngemali okanye ngesonka, ukubanjwa kwamasela kunye nabaphangi, ababaleki. Kwakudingeka bathathe amanyathelo okukhusela emlilweni, izifo, iziganeko, imidlalo engavumelekanga kunye nemibukiso, ukukhupha ukukhwabanisa, ubukele abefundisi kunye nokuya kwecawa kwiindawo zonqulo. Ivoevoda, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ijaji. Waxazulula iimeko zomntu kwi-100, kwaye emva kwe-ruble 500. Abo babo, abangenawo amandla, bathunyelwa eMoscow. Isigwebo sokufa sasingekho inxalenye yegunya labo, kodwa abanye banikezelwa eli lungelo. Inkonzo yePhondo yayinenzuzo kakhulu, "i-mercenary". Oku kuchaza lakhe ixesha elifutshane: inkonzo yaphela unyaka, amabini, ngamanye amaxesha athathu.

Ukupheliswa kwekarhulumente

Ngomnyaka we-1775 isithuba seburhuluneli sachithwa. I-chancellery ye-voivodship, eyayinamathele kubo ukususela kulawulo lukaPeter, ivaliwe. Nangona kunjalo, ePoland le ndawo yayikho kude kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.

Voevoda Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynskyy

Ukususela ngo-1543 i-Vorotynsky yonyulwa i-voivode kwisixeko saseBelev. Wazihlukanisa ngexesha lokuhlasela kukaSagib-Giray, eCrimean Khan. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1541. Imfazwe yenzeka kwimida yomda. Zonke iinzame zokutshintshela kolwandle olujongene nazo zazingenanto, kuba yayilondolozwe kakuhle yimikhosi yaseRussia. USahib-Giray wagqiba ekubeni azame ukugqithisa ngoncedo lwezithuthi zaseTurkey. AmaTatars avula umlilo kunye nokuqala ukuwela umlambo, kodwa amiswa yimirhumo yaseRashiya, eya kufika emva koko, kwaye iCrimean Khan yaphoqeleka ukuba imise ihlazo. USagib-Girey utshintshe isiqalo sokuhlaselwa waza wathumela amasosha ePronsk. Ukuhlaselwa kwaqala ngo-Agasti 3. Esi sixeko sasiqhutywe ibhokhwe, kodwa sazikhusela. Ngomso u-khan waya kwi-steppe. Wayexoshwa nguMikhail Vorotynsky kunye nabazalwana uVladimir noAlexander. Isiphumo salo phulo sasineelwimi ezingama-45 ezifunyenweyo - ama-scouts athunyelwa eMoscow. Ngo-1551, uMikhail Ivanovich wathola isikhundla "somkhonzi wasebukhosini", kwaye unyaka ozayo uza kudlala indima enkulu ekunqobeni iKazan Khanate. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1566, u-Ivan the Terrible wakhalaza kwi-Vorotynsky yesikhundla somfana.

Pretich

Omnye ummeli waseRashiya owaziwayo wolu xwebhu nguVoevoda Pretic. Waye ekhanda leqela, owamncedisa uMninimzi Olga ngexesha lokuvinjelwa kweKiev ngo-968. NguPreć owenza uxolo kunye noPecheneg khan.

Ekupheliseni, kufuneke sifingqa zonke izinto ezithethwa. Ngoko, i-voevoda yintloko, umlawuli weSlavic. Imbali yayibazi abaninzi abameli abazizilumko nabangenabuqu balolu hlobo. Leli gama elithi "voevoda", elithetha igama elithi "umbusi", lidibaniswa nento enamandla nesibindi. Kamva eli thuba lapheliswa, kwaye namhlanje sinokuthetha ngale ngcamango kuphela kwimbali yembali.