I-Stoglavy Cathedral kunye no-Ivan the Terrible

IKhunga leMinyaka eli-1551 leColumn liphawulwe isigaba esithile ekuphuhliseni urhulumente, uluntu, inkolo kunye nenkcubeko. Ngexesha letempile, i-tsar yaseRashiya yonke, u-Ivan Vasilievich wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini ubudala, kodwa wayenkosi "esebenza." Ngenxa yobutsha bakhe, u-Ivan Vasilievich wayevutha ngxano lokuguqulwa, ukuze ilizwe libe ligorha elinamandla kunye neRashiya Engcwele.

Inxalenye yekhulu le-16 ithathwa njengethuba lexesha langoku, xa iRashiya, ukusuka kwimeko ephazamisekileyo, yajika yaba lizwe elinamandla kunawo onke eYurophu naseAsia. Ubukhosi bukaKazan neAstrakhan buyiswe, kwakukho imfazwe neCrimean Khanate. Umhlaba wezemsky welizwe laseRashiya waqala, xa kwakhiwa ama-zemstvos, abambe iqhaza kurhulumente karhulumente ngokubameli bawo. Umkhosi wahlaziywa, kwaye ubuqili benziwa, kwaqaliswa inkqubo entsha yentlawulo.

Ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, ubukhosi baseByzantium buwa , ukubetha kwagqitywa kwinqaba yama-Orthodox yobuKristu, kwaye uRussia wazithathela umthwalo wokukhusela ama-Orthodoxy. Umsebenzi wasetyenziselwa ukuxhobisa i-Russia ngokwemithetho ye-Orthodox, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukulungiswa kwecawa kwakufuneka. Inkolelo yenkolo yabantu bephakamileyo kakhulu, kuba abantu baseRussia umphefumlo wawuhlala uhlala kwindawo yokuqala, kodwa imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yabafundisi, ngomzekelo wabo, wawutshabalalisa zonke iintsika zokuziphatha.

I-cathedral yaqala ngesibheno sikaTsar Ivan Vasilyevich kubafundisi ababuthene. Kwintetho yakhe, echazwe kwizahluko zokuqala zeofisi yesikhulu (i-cathedral ephethe ikhulu), wayethetha ngento embi ngayo yonke indawo kwiRashiya oyiNgcwele: iindawo eziphakamileyo zezobufundisi zazingxinwa, ukuxilisa, ukuziphatha kakubi, okwenziwe ngamalungelo epropati, oko kukuthi .

Ababingeleli abazange baphile kuphela kumazwe anikwe iindwendwe, nabo bafumana "i-rugu" kwi-treasury karhulumente: iwayini, ubusi, ukutya, izambatho.

U-Ivan Vasilyevich wabuza abafundisi ukuba bancedise ukugcinwa kwezindlu-mali, ukuthenga abantu abathinjweyo nokunika inxalenye yamazwe angama-monastic kwi-servicemen, kodwa ububingeleli abaphezulu abazange bafune ukuyeka izinto zabo kunye ne-treasury, baze baphendule i-tsar ngokungavumi.

I-Stoglavy Cathedral yizahluko eziyi-100 zeofisi yeekedare, ezichaza zonke iintetho, iingxoxo kunye nezimpendulo kwimibuzo yenkosi, apho kwakukho khona 69. Isiphumo saloo bhunga kwakukwamukelwa kwezi zigqibo ezilandelayo:

- ukukhokelela ekutyeni zonke iitekisi zecawa, oko kukuthi, ukusebenzisa kuphela i-canonized;

- inkonzo kufuneka iqhutywe phantsi kweCharter epheleleyo;

- Ukuzithelela ngokwesibili;

- bhala iimpawu kwiisampuli (ngokutsho kweRublev kunye nesiGrike);

- ukuphelisa ubuhedeni;

- umtshato wawuvunyelwe ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kumakhwenkwe kunye nokusukela kwiminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kumantombazana;

- ikhulu leetempile eliphambili liyeka ukutya ukutya kunye negazi (izilwanyana kunye neentaka ezibanjwe emigibe);

Ubhaptizo kufuneka lwenziwe ngokucwiliswa kwexesha elinamanzi emanzini, kungekhona ngokuthulula;

- umcimbi kunye nenkululeko yepolanyannikov isisombululo;

- Ukulawulwa kwendawo yengcebo yeendwendwe kubalwe kubantu baseTsar, njalo njalo.

Kodwa i-Stoglavy Cathedral yayingeke ikwazi ukuxhobisa ubomi bebandla eliphakamileyo, eliqhubeka lihlala kwisono kunye ne-sodomy.

I-Stoglavy Cathedral yincwadi ebalulekileyo ebonisa indlela iphucukileyo ngayo yindawo yaseRashiya kwikhulu le-16 leminyaka. Iimbali-mlando ezininzi, ezingabandakanyi ukubaluleka kwezo zinto ziguqulwe kakhulu ngaloo minyaka, zichaze kwaye zihlaziye iziganeko zama-Middle Ages aseRussia.