Idabi inkulu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic ngendlela zembali: isihloko, itheyibhile

Icandelo elikhulu Second World War, IMfazwe IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo nangokuthatha kuvuthondaba enye impixano ezibulewe ngamazwe kwinkulungwane XX.

BOB periodization

Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-ijamelene, okwenzekileyo kwintsimi ziiriphabliki yangaphambili eSoviet Union, ababhali-mbali zahlulwe izihlandlo ezithathu.

1. Ixesha I (22.06.1941-18.11.1942) kuquka nokutshintshwa USSR kwisiseko imfazwe, "umbane imfazwe" ukusilela kwesicwangciso lokuqala Hitler, ngokunjalo ukudala iimeko ngokwaphula ikhondo izenzo zomkhosi obuxhasa amazwe Coalition.
2. Ixesha II (19.11.1942 - ekupheleni kuka-1943) lu dityanisiwe kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwi ungquzulwano emkhosini.
3. Ixesha III (Januwari 1944 - Meyi 9, 1945) - into elihlazo amajoni amaNazi kunye yokugxothwa yabo imimandla eSoviet, ukukhululwa zamazwe yoMzantsi-Mpuma neMpuma Yurophu yi-Red Army.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye kancinane inkcukacha ngaphezu kanye. Phezu kwabo kuya kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Uhlaselo ngesiquphe yaye okukhawulezayo zesiJamani kwi ePoland, uze emva koko kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kukhokelele ekubeni ngo-1941 amaNazi kunye namahlakani abo babamba imimandla emikhulu. Poland wachithwa, ngoxa eNorway, eDenmark, eNetherlands, Luxembourg kunye Belgium - mntu. France wakwazi ukuxhathisa kweentsuku eziyi-40 kuphela, emva koko kakuhle wathathwa. AmaNazi babulala lahluleka enkulu kwaye ifomu i-British Army, uze emva koko bangena kummandla kwiiBalkans. Xihinga iphambili endleleni iJamani waba Red Army, yaye idabi likhulu kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic wabonisa ukuba namandla kunye nomoya engakhange iqhawuke yabantu Soviet, akhusela inkululeko kwilizwe lawo - le yenye yezona zinto isigqibo ekulweni ngempumelelo nxamnye notshaba.

"IsiCwangciso Barbarossa"

Zezomntu izicwangciso umyalelo German ye-USSR nje nenkomo, leyo kuba lula yaye ngokukhawuleza bungaveli endleleni, ngenxa ekuthiwa blitzkrieg, imigaqo njengoko kuchaziwe kwi "isiCwangciso Barbarossa".

uphuhliso yawo eyayikhokelwa Jikelele Fridriha Paulyusa. Phantsi kwesi sicwangciso, umkhosi eSoviet kwafuneka kutshatyalaliswa kwixesha elifutshane Germany kunye namahlakani ayo, yaye inxalenye yaseYurophu eSoviet Union - ufakiwe. Kucingelwa ngakumbi lahluleka ngokuphelele nentshabalalo USSR.

Idabi inkulu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ukuze zembali thaca, kubonisa ngokucacileyo apho kwicala baba nethuba ekuqaleni longquzulwano, yaye ekugqibeleni liphele kanjani.

Icebo lokufuna amaJamani kucingelwa ukuba ngexesha kwiinyanga ezintlanu baya kuba nako ukusebenzisa izixeko eziphambili USSR uze kumgca Arkhangelsk-iVolga ukuya Astrakhan. Imfazwe nxamnye eSoviet Union wayeza mayizaliswe ekwindla ka-1941. I Bambelela kuso, Adolf Hitler. On imiyalelo yakhe, ulwalathiso osempuma swi uhlaba umkhosi of Germany kunye namazwe encedisayo. Yintoni na imfazwe enkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakufuneka sinyamezele ukuze aqiniseke nakwenzeka yokuseka ukubusa umhlaba eJamani?

Bekucingelwa ukuba nefuthe ziya inokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezintathu soyisa ngokukhawuleza utshaba emi indlela ukubusa umhlaba:

• Central (Minsk-Moscow line);
• Southern (Ukraine noLwandle Black);
• Northwest (Leningrad kunye kumazwe eBaltic).

Idabi inkulu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic: umzabalazo ingqukuva

Umsebenzi thatha eMoscow, codenamed "Typhoon". Kwakufuneka ekuqaleni kwayo ngoSeptemba 1941.

Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso ukuba zifake ikomkhulu USSR ukuba siphathiswe kwiqela wemikhosi "Centre", oko eyayikhokelwa Field Marshal Fedor von Bock. Umchasi kunathi Red Army nje kuphela inani lamajoni (1.2 amaxesha), kodwa kwakhona malunga nokuxhotyiswa (oluphindwe-2 ngaphezulu). Kodwa idabi enkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kungekudala wabonisa ukuba ngaphezulu ayikho ngakumbi.

Ekulweni amaJamani kweli cala kwakukho nabaphumi-fronts zantsi, kumntla-ntshona, Western kunye Reserve. Ukongeza, indima ebonakalayo kwemfazwe wathabatha luqalile kunye ngabavukeli.

Ukuqala longquzulwano

Ngo-Oktobha, ulwalathiso engundoqo olwaludiliziwe umgca engundoqo zokhuselo eSoviet: amaNazi bambamba Vyazma kunye Bryansk. Umgca wesibini, eyayibanjelwe kufuphi Mozhaisk, wakwazi ukuba ukulibazisa ukuqala elide. Ngo-Oktobha 1941, intloko Western Front waba Georgy zhukov, bavakalisa imo zokungqinga eMoscow.

Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha, umlo wathabatha indawo neekhilomitha nje-100 ukusuka kwikomkhulu.

Noko ke, abaninzi imisebenzi zomkhosi idabi omkhulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwenziwa ikhosi lokuziphendulela esi sixeko, akazange avumele amaJamani ukuba kuthinjwe eMoscow.

Eli nqanaba edabini

Sele ngoNovemba 1941, azizange zivunyelwe iinzame edlulileyo amaNazi koyisa eMoscow. Advanteji waba eSoviet Army, ngokubonelela, kanjalo ukuvumela counteroffensive.

Iimbangi umyalelo German lokungaphumeleli lunokusolwa ekwindla yemozulu embi kunye neendlela ezimbi. Idabi inkulu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic ndiyihlungule ukuzithemba amaJamani kwi invincibility zabo. ukusilela ngumsindo uMlawuli wayalela ukuba bambambe ikomkhulu ebandayo yasebusika, kunye-15 Novemba amaJamani kwakhona wazama ukuya ku avanyisa. Nangona iilahleko ezinkulu, le imikhosi yaseJamani ilawulwa ukuba atyhudise, abheke esixekweni.

Noko ke, inkqubela ngakumbi ivimbelwa amaNazi, kwaye lilinge lokugqibela ukuba atyhudise, abheke eMoscow yaphela ukusilela.

Ekupheleni kuka-1941 yabalasela kwangaphambili oluBomvu Ibutho amabutho esitha. Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1942, yahlanganisa yonke umgca ngaphambili. Abendlu ka-bahlaseli siqhutywaqhutywa ayi 200-250. Ngenxa ukusebenza ngempumelelo, amajoni eSoviet wakhulula Ryazan, Tula, ummandla eMoscow, ngokunjalo ezinye izithili bemimandla Orel, ESmolensk, esibizwa. Ebudeni balo, iJamani yayeka isixa esikhulu kwezixhobo, kuquka imipu 2,500 kunye namatanki 1,300.

Idabi inkulu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ingakumbi, i Kwidabi Moscow, wabonisa ukuba koyisa kunokwenzeka, nangona yamajoni kunye noludumileyo zobugcisa.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga Battle of eMoscow

Enye amadabi ibalulekileyo imfazwe nxamnye kumazwe qumrhu le Triple Alliance - imfazwe for eMoscow, waye ungumthombo isicwangciso okuqaqambileyo ezinokuphazamisana blitzkrieg. okanye wasebenzisa amajoni Soviet Yeyiphi indlela kuphela ukuthintela lokufakwa lwenkunzi utshaba.

Ngoko, ngexesha longquzulwano yamajoni Red Army wabalekela esibhakabhakeni enkulu, imitha-35, iibhaluni. Injongo yezi zenzo yaba ukunciphisa ngendlela ejolise kuzo ekuhlaseleni German. Ezi sondo lenyuka ukuya kubude kweekhilomitha 3-4 kunye, ngeli xesha apho, nzima kakhulu umsebenzi we-moya yotshaba.

Kwidabi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisixhenxe wathabatha inxalenye ingqukuva. Ngoko ke, loo nto ithathwa ezinkulu.

indima ebalulekileyo Idabi eMoscow wadlala Marshal uKonstantin Rokossovsky, awonisa ngazo umkhosi 16-th. Ekwindla ka 1941 imikhosi yakhe sinamafu Volokolamsk naseLeningrad kuhola wendlela, singavumeli utshaba ukuba atyhudise, abheke esixekweni. Ummeli iiveki ezimbini kule sayithi: amasango nophondo Istra dama, kwaye ukwenza iindlela ukuya komkhulu.

Okunye okunika umdla kwimbali edabini kaHomer, phakathi kuka-Oktobha 1941 kuvalwe metro eMoscow. Loo mhla kuphela kwimbali kwimetro Moscow, xa ayizange isebenze. Ukwesaba okubangelwe yile siganeko kwakhokelela ebizwa ngokuba yi-imfuduko - isixeko eshiywa, waqalisa ukuba asebenzise abaphangi. Le meko ukuphiliswa ukuze athathe amanyathelo ezinzima nxamnye abasabileyo abaphangi, njengako leyo ngisho abangene bengenamvume endizixunayo. Le nyaniso uye wayeka imfuduko yabantu ukusuka eMoscow ayeke ukuba uphaphazele.

Battle of Stalingrad

Idabi inkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II zenzeka kwi ngaphandle kwezixeko eziphambili kweli lizwe. Enye longquzulwano ibalulekileyo Idabi Stalingrad, nto leyo eye wathimba Zinjengeqhezu ukususela ngoJulayi 17, 1942 ukuya ngoFebruwari 2, 1943.

Injongo yale amaJamani kule ndawo kwaba intuthuko ukuya ezantsi waseUSSR, apho kukho amashishini ezininzi lwamashishini metallurgical kunye nabammeli, kwakunye zolondolozo olusisiseko ukutya.

Education Stalingrad Front

Ngexesha lohlaselo amaNazi kunye namahlakani abo, imikhosi Soviet lifumanise nelahleko ebonakalayo kwidabi for eKharkov; I watyunyuzwa phambi zantsi; amacandelo kunye regiments ye-Red Army zathi saa, kunye nokungabikho kwizikhundla ezinqatyisiweyo kunye emathafeni evulekileyo wanika amaJamani ithuba ukuya phantse yokhangelo ingakhangelwa eCaucasus.

Isimo esinjalo ezibonakala ithemba ye-USSR usinike kaHitler intembelo kwimpumelelo kufutshane elizayo. On imiyalelo yakhe, i Army "South" waba zahlulo-2 - injongo "A" ngokuthinjwa Northern eCaucasus, njengenxalenye "B" - Stalingrad, apho sasivela iVolga - engundoqo amanzi kwemithambo kweli lizwe.

Kwithuba elifutshane wathathwa Rostov-on-Don, kunye amaJamani phambili kwi Stalingrad. Ngenxa yokuba kule ndawo nifudula 2 Army, kwasekwa jam zendlela enkulu. Ngenxa yoko, omnye bemikhosi wanika umyalelo ukubuyela eCaucasus. Le koqiniso ibambezele iyamcaphukisa iveki yonke.

NgoJulayi 1942, oko ezenziwa Stalingrad Front enye, injongo leyo ukukhusela isixeko abavela kwimibutho utshaba ukuzithethelela. Zonke ukuntsonkotha ingxaki yayikukuba inxalenye elisandul 'ukusekwa akukhange amava zentsebenziswano; kwakungekho iimbumbulu, yaye kwakungekho ukhuseleko.

imikhosi Soviet baba babembalwa ngenani labantu baseJamani, kodwa obuphantsi kuzo phantse isiqingatha zokusebenza kunye nezixhobo mbeko.

Umzabalazo lithemba ye-Red Army wabeka phantsi ekungeneni utshaba ku Stalingrad, kodwa ngoSeptemba, umlo bafuduka kwiindawo ezikude esixekweni. Ekupheleni August, amaJamani ziye phantsi kwintshabalalo Stalingrad, kuqala amalungiselelo iziqhushumbisi, uze uyilahle iziqhushumbisi ophezulu neziqhushumbisi kananjalo sigade.

Operation "Ring"

Abahlali balwela yonke imitha komhlaba. Isiphumo iinyanga ezininzi ngxabano iye yaba yinguquko edabini, ngoJanuwari 1943 yaqalisa ukusebenza "Ring", eyathatha iintsuku 23.

kwayo kwaba ukoyiswa lutshaba, batshabalalisa umkhosi wakhe eyeka amabutho Februwari 2 basinda. Le mpumelelo yaba impumelelo ekuhambeni ngamajoni, ihlunguzela isikhundla yaseJamani wabuza ifuthe layo kwamanye amazwe. Wanika abantu Soviet ithemba uloyiso elizayo.

Impi yase Kursk

Oyise imikhosi German kunye namahlakani ayo Stalingrad waba negalelo ngenxa yokuba uHitler, ukuze aphephe utyekelo centrifugal ngaphakathi Union of the eMithathu Pact, bagqiba ukwenza umsebenzi enkulu phezu ngokuchasene Olubomvu Army, ezafumana igama ikhowudi "enqaba". Le mpi yaqala ngo Julayi 5 kulo nyaka. AmaJamani vo sungula neetanki ezintsha ezingazange zokoyikisa umkhosi Soviet, ukuze babe nokumelana ngempumelelo. Ngo-7 Julayi imikhosi ezimbini salahlekelwa isixa esikhulu abantu kunye nezixhobo, kunye itanki idabi phantsi Ponyri kwakhokelela ukulahleka inani elikhulu iimoto isiJamani kunye nabantu. Oku kuye kwaba nesandla kakhulu ukuphuphumala amaNazi Kursky Buze kwilungu wasentla.

tank Rekhoda ukulwa

July 8 at Prokhorovka sibethelelwe itanki emfazweni inkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kule nkomfa yazinyaswa ngabo malunga 1,200 izithuthi yokulwa. Le ngeziqu yathatha iintsuku eziliqela. Incopho yoku yaba ngowe-12 Julayi xa Prokhorovka zenzeka kwindawo enye ngexesha ezimbini idabi itanki yaphelela draw. Nangona into yokuba akukho namnye amaqela sele zifakwe liphulo izigqibo, lohlaselo yaseJamani yamiswa, yaye wafudukela kwinxalenye ezikhubekisayo July 17 kwisigaba ngoyaba edabini. ngenxa balo ukuba amaJamani ziye ayegqatse umva ukuya ngasezantsi Kursk Awona manqaku, ukuze isikhundla sabo sokuqala. Ngo August, Belgorod kunye Orel eyabuya.

Yintoni idabi enkulu phezu IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic? Eli dabi yaba inkcaso phezu Kursk, usinga isigqibo leyo - kwinkululeko IKharkiv 23.08.1944 nyaka. Lo mcimbi sele kugqityiwe uthotho amadabi enkulu eSoviet Union laba sisiqalo kwinkululeko Europe ngamajoni yiSoviet.

impi enkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II: itafile

Kuba ukuqonda ngcono yemfazwe, ingakumbi ngokumalunga nelona galelo amadabi zayo, kukho itheyibhile ebonisa isiganeko ngamaxesha athile.

impi enkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, abamagama baziwa namhlanje, abantu babo bonke ubudala, kube bubungqina bokuba ukuya ngamandla omoya kunye intando yabantu eSoviet, akayi kuvumela ukusekwa ulawulo fascists, hayi nje kuphela kweli eSoviet Union, kodwa ehlabathini lonke.