Ukutyunjwa kwee dielectrikhi

Inkqalo apho ukufuduka komda wokubophelwa kweentlawulo kuqhutyelwa kwidielectri, okanye ukujikeleza kwe-dipoles kagesi kuyabonwa, kuye kwabizwa ngokuba yi-polerization ye-dielectrics kwi-physics. Ukugqithiswa kwalo mgaqo kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yezizathu zangaphakathi, okanye ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zamandla angaphandle, ngokubanzi kwimida yamanzi.

Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu-matika kwenkqubo kubonakaliswe ngumbonakaliso we-polarisation, umzuzu we- dipole, ocingwa ngokubhekiselele kubukhulu bomthamo we dielektri. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimixholo engokwenyama ilanga elilula lisetyenzisiweyo - ukutyumba. Le parameter isetyenziswanga nje kuphela ukubonakalisa isimo se-macroscopic. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuchaza nayiphi na into ephethe iipropati ezibonisa ukugqithiswa kwe-dielectrics.

Ukuqhutyelwa kule nkcazo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvelwe uphawu oluqhelekileyo lweli qa. Isimo esinjalo se dielectri, apho ubukho bomzuzu we-dipole kwindawo nganye yevolumu yayo kufunyenwe kuyo, kwaye bubonakalisa ukutyunjwa kweedeleli.

Ingqungquthela ephantsi kokuqwalaselwa yinto engalunganga kwindalo. Kukho iintlobo ezinjalo zokwenza i-dielectrikhi njengokwenziwe, oko kukuthi, evela phantsi kwefuthe lemimandla yombane yangaphandle, ngokukhawuleza, eyenziwa ngokungabikho kwamagcisa e-polarization yangaphandle, i-mechanical (ferroelectric), eyenziwe phantsi kwezenzo zamashishini ezikhuselekileyo, i-thermal ephuma phantsi kwezenzo zokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa.

Into ebonakalayo yokwenza i-polarization njengento ebonakalayo yinto yokuba ayichaphazeli ixabiso lentlawulo ye-dielectric efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi inqaku lomqulu wayo okhethiweyo. Ngelo xesha, ngexesha lokwazisa, ukubophelwa kweentlawulo zenziwa kwi-dielectric surface. Ezi zityholo ziyimithombo yenkalo eyongezelelweyo kunye nefuthe elithile, i-vector ejoliswe kwi-vector yesenzo kwintsimi yangaphandle.

Kubalulekile kulo mbandela kukuhlelwa kohlengahlengiso lwe-dielectrics, kuxhomekeka kwiindlela eziziwayo. Kulo mbandela, iindidi zayo ziyahluka:

- Ukufuduka kubonakala kwizinto eziphathekayo kwisakhiwo apho kukho iziqendu ezichazwe ngokucacileyo kunye nokuqhuba okuhlukeneyo. Ulwaphulo olunjalo lubonakaliswe ngenyathelo lokulibazisa;

- Ukugqithiswa kwee-elekthronikhi kuququzelele ukuhamba kwemigobolondo yee-athomu phantsi kweempembelelo zamasimi angaphandle. Olu luhlobo olukhawulezayo lobume;

- ionic ibonakalisa izinto ezifana ne-electron enye, kuphela kule meko akukho ukufuduka kwee-shells zee-athomu, kodwa ukufuduka kweendawo zendawo zesakhiwo se- crystal lattice yezinto ;

- i-dipole, okanye njengoko ibizwa ngokuba yi-orientation polarization, ibonakalisa ukulahleka okukhulu, isizathu sokuba yinkcitho enkulu yamandla ekunqobeni izibophelelo zangaphakathi kwidielektri. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-dielectrikhi ye-orientation ye-orientation, i-phenomenon ye-dipole yokuqhelaniswa ne-dipole iyimpawu;

- I-electron-relaxation ibonakaliswe ubukho bohlobo olufanayo oluchanekileyo lwama-electron aphumelekileyo;

I-poisonisation ye-ion-relaxation ye-dielectrics ibonakaliswe ekuhambeni kweeon, ezinobuthakathaka obungaphakathi obuthathaka kwaye ezingagxininiswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkalo ze-crystal lattic zesakhiwo sombandela;

- isakhiwo sibonakaliswe kwi-orientation ethile yezinto ze-dielectric, kodwa kule meko ezi zinto zihlambulukileyo eziqulethe i-dielectric. Le polarization ihamba kakhulu kakhulu;

- Ngokuzenzekelayo (ngokukhawuleza) kubonwa kwidielectriki ezinemilinganiselo ephakamileyo kakhulu yokuzimela, zibizwa ngokuba yi-ferroelectrics;

- i-resonance ibonakaliswe ngenyameko yecandelo lee-electron ze-dielectri kunye neentlobo zentsimi ezisebenza kuyo, ngoko ke, ngokwenene, negama.

Njengomthetho, kuzo zonke iziganeko, ngaphandle kobugqwetha obunamanzi, ubukhulu bayo bufikelela kwiimpawu eziphezulu kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni.