Iimpawu calcium. iipropati calcium. calcium ifomula

Phakathi kwazo zonke iziqalelo nkqubo ngamaxesha athile ezininzi yezi, ngaphandle awathi nje iintlobo zezifo eziphilayo, kodwa ngokubanzi akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo zikhule. Enye yezi - calcium.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, xa kufikwa kule intsimbi into elula, ukuba akukho ukusetyenziswa, yena kungekhona umntu, nokuba yingozi. Noko ke, umntu nje ukukhankanya ion Ca ^2+, njengoko kukho ezininzi iingongoma ungajonganga ukubaluleka kwabo.

calcium isikhundla kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile

Iimpawu calcium, kwakunye naziphi na ezinye element luqala kwisikhundla endaweni yakhe kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Ngapha koko, oko kunika ithuba lokuba bafunde okuninzi malunga nale atom:

• isigxina isiqalo;
• inani elektroni kunye protons, neutron;
• igcwala karhulumente, i ephezulu iphantsi;
• electron loqwalaselo kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Umba phambi kwethu nguye element kwixesha yesine, iqela elikhulu yesibini, iqela engundoqo kwaye inani lezibuko 20. Kwakhona, itafile yemichiza ngamaxesha ibonisa weight atomic ikhalsiyam - 40,08, nto leyo ixabiso umyinge izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ekhoyo ye atom elinikiweyo.

The degree of igcwala yedwa, usoloko rhoqo, ilingana ezimbini. Formula oksayidi eliphezulu cao. Igama lesiLatini ngenxa calcium element, yiyo lo umqondiso Ca atom.

Neempawu calcium njengoko into elula

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo i element na otyhidiweyo, umbala yesilivere-omhlophe. calcium njenge into elula ifomula - CA. Ngenxa umsebenzi omkhulu iikhemikhali kwaye iyakwazi wokusungula ezininzi iikhompawundi akwi kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo.

Kule imeko siqinile akhule zabantu ayiqukwanga, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ukusetyenziswa mveliso kunye nobugcisa (ingakumbi syntheses imichiza).

Le yenye yeyona ixhaphakileyo nesabelo ngamandlakazi metal komhlaba, malunga ne-1,5%. Oku kubhekisela ialakalin emhlabeni qela, ekubeni xa unyityilikiswa emanzini kuveza kwealkali, kodwa zifumaneka kwindalo ngohlobo kwezimbiwa ezininzi kunye neetyuwa. A lot of calcium (400 mg / l) iqukiwe nokwakhiwa kwamanzi olwandle.

crystal ngekroba

iimpawu calcium wachaza akhazimlayo Isakhiwo emkhusaneni ukuba unokuba kweentlobo ezimbini (ukusukela ukuba kukho alpha kunye nefom beta):

• granetsentricheskaya cubic;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

uhlobo Ulwalamano kwi molecule - a otyhidiweyo, efestileni, njengazo zonke - ion metal atom.

Ukuba indalo

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezisisiseko ngokwendalo eziqulathe nesiqalelo.

1. Amanzi olwandle.
2. Rocks nezithako.
3. Eziphilayo (ekonookrwece amakhohlombe, amathambo njalo njalo).
4. amanzi osezantsi kwi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.

Ingabonisa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zamatye kunye neetyuwa ukuba imithombo yendalo calcium.

1. Dolomite - umxube calcium carbonate nezinki.
2. Fluorite - calcium fluoride.
3. Isichumisi - CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - itshokhwe, lekalika, nezemarmore - calcium carbonate.
5. Lealabhasta - CaSO ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Total bodwa minerals malunga 350 ezahlukeneyo kunye namatye eziqulathe calcium.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Ayikwazanga ukubuyisa metal ixesha elide ngendlela simahla, ekubeni reactivity yayo liphezulu ngokwendalo ngohlobo olunyulu akafumaneki. Ngoko ke, de ngenkulungwane XIX (1808), sakhi umbuzo omnye imfihlakalo, elo bethwele lwezakhi.

Calcium njengoko metal yakwazi nokulungelelanisa le yemichiza IsiNgesi Gemfri Devi. Yena iimpawu okokuqala izinto ze impefumlelwano inyibilika yezimbiwa eqinileyo kunye neetyuwa ukusuka electrocution. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iseyeyonanto kakhulu ukufumana eli electrolysis ukuba ityuwa yesinyithi yayo, ezifana:

• umxube calcium kunye potassium kloride;
• umxube calcium fluoride kunye chloride.

Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ukususa oxide icalcium ngayo ngokusebenzisa eziqhelekileyo indlela yokunyibilikisa isinyithi aluminothermy.

iipropati ngokomzimba

iimpawu calcium ye yomzimba i parameters linokuchazwa ngayo amanqaku eziliqela.

1. State of udibaniso - eqinileyo phantsi kweemeko ngumsindo.
2. Lokunyibilika - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Metal soft, unqanyulwe ngemela.
4. Umbala - ezimhlophe ubuhle, obukhanyayo.
5. Uhanjiso kwaye iipropati elungileyo ubushushu-siqhuba.
6. ukufudumeza elide yokuguqulela urhulumente elulwelo, ngoko umphunga, ukulahlekelwa ngeempawu yesinyithi. Iqondo 1484 ⁰ C.

Iipropati Physical of calcium babe phawu omnye. Xa but is phantsi koxinzelelo, ngexesha elithile uphelelwa iimpawu zayo ebuntsimbi kunye namandla conductivity. Nangona kunjalo, apho ukwanda ngakumbi sesichengeni sinciphile kwaye kwakhona esizibonakalisa njengendlela superconductor, oko izihlandlo eziliqela enkulu ngaphezu kwezinye izinto kwezi zalathisi.

iipropati chemical

Umsebenzi lo but is phezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho unxibelelwano ezininzi, apho calcium ongena. Ukusabela ne non-isinyithi bonke yena - into eqhelekileyo, ngokuba njenge arhente ekunciphiseni, unamandla kakhulu.

1. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ifumaneka lula ngayo ukwenza khompawundi ahambelanayo lokubini nge: halogens, ioksijini.
2. Phezu ubushushu, hydrogen, initrogen, ikharbon, lesilicon, phosphorus, boron, isalfure, kunye nabanye.
3. Ngaphandle Zisuka icarbon dioxide neoksijini, ngoko bagqubuthele yintlahla hina.
4. Acid ngayo ngamandla, ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa yokukrala.

Iipropati umdla calcium kuvela xa kufikwa kuye nokwakheka neetyuwa. Ngenxa yoko, umqolomba ezintle stalactite kunye ne stalacmites, leyo ezimila Isilingi iindonga, akukho nto njengoko calcium carbonate, enziwe ngexesha ngamanzi, icarbon dioxide kunye hydrogen yi neenkqubo phakathi komhlaba.

Xa sicinga ngendlela metal inxaxheba zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo, ahlale ewugcinile na elabhoratri, ngokunjalo obrak. Kwisingxobo yeglasi emnyama enesiciko etywiniweyo kwaye phantsi inwebu separafini okanye iparafini.

indlela kudidi malunga calcium ion - idangatye umbala elihle, umbala ngezitena-obomvu ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona iikhompawundi metal ezichongiweyo ukuba yenziwe ye kwezulu ezingenakunyibilika ezinye neetyuwa zayo (calcium carbonate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite).

zithako metal

Iintlobo Ezi zithako metal ilandelayo:

• oxide;
• hayidroksayidi;
• calcium ityuwa (avareji, asidi, basic, kabini, complex).

Oksayidi yaziwa ngokuba quicklime. Cao isetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokwakha (lime). Ukuba oxide ucime amanzi, siya bafumane hayidroksayidi ahambelanayo, kwealkali kwiipropati asakhasayo.

Ezibaluleke kakhulu lweprakhthikhali iityuwa calcium ezahlukeneyo, ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Yintoni na ityuwa, sele sitshilo ngentla. Siya kukunika eminye imizekelo zezi ntlobo zakhi.

1. ityuwa Medium - CaCO carbonate _3, phosphate Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} kunye nabanye.
2. Acid - sulfate CaHSO _4.
3. Key - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Complex - [Ca (H. _{3) 8]} Cl _2.
5. Dual - 5Ca (NO _{3) 2} * H. ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Kubalulekile ngohlobo iikhompawundi kule klasi ikhalsiyam kubalulekile ukuba ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji, njengomthombo nabo zomzimba neetyuwa.

Indima begazi

Yintoni ukubaluleka ikhalsiyam ukuba umzimba womntu? Kukho izizathu ezininzi.

1. Yiyo le ngxenye ion ziyinxalenye ubuncwane intercellular, kunye izihlunu fluid, abathatha inxaxheba ekumiseleni iindlela excitation hormone kunye neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium iqokelelane emathanjeni, izinyo lwawo xa isixa malunga 2.5% yetotali ubunzima bomzimba. Oku kunika umdla kakhulu eninzi kwaye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekomelezeni ezi zakhiwo, kugcinwe amandla abo kunye nozinzo. Ukukhula ephilayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo.
3. Igazi ekunqandeni kwakhona ixhomekeke ion ingqalelo.
4. Le yinxalenye izihlunu sentliziyo inxaxheba excitation yayo nokuncipha.
5. Ngaba iqela iinkqubo exocytosis kunye nezinye utshintsho intracellular.

Ukuba isixa calcium eyanele akwanelanga, kunokwenzeka uphuhliso izifo ezifana:

• yamathambo;
• kwamathambo;
• izifo igazi.

Izinga yemihla ngemihla omdala - 1000 mg, nabantwana ukususela kwiminyaka-9 ka-1300 mg. Ukwenzela ukuphepha kwasala emzimbeni lwesi sakhi akufuneki lidlule idosi olinikiweyo. Kungenjalo, ukuze aphuhlise isifo wamathumbu.

Ngokuba zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo calcium ayikho ngaphantsi ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi ezingenamqolo , ke musa ukuba amathambo, kodwa iindlela yangaphandle abomeleze njengoko le-yesinyithi. Phakathi kwabo:

• yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe;
• iimbaza kunye oysters;
• bamunca;
• polyp.

Bonke bayinxibayo emqolo okanye umgaqo, akhiwa inkqubo yobomi exoskeleton elikhusela ukuba kwiimpembelelo yangaphandle eziyingozi. Eyona Icandelo le nto - calcium ityuwa.

izilwanyana ezinomqolo, ezifana abantu, kufuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe ion ekukhuleni eqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso ukufumana kwabo ukutya.

amayeza Calcium aqulethe

Kukho iinketho ezininzi ngoncedo apho kunokwenzeka ukwenza loo nto elingekhoyo emzimbeni yesiqhelo. Ngokusesikweni, Kakade ke, iindlela yendalo - iimveliso eziqulathe i-atom oyifunayo. Noko ke, ukuba ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu akunakwenzeka okanye ayanelanga, le ndlela zonyango nalo eyamkelekileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, uluhlu iimveliso eziqulathe calcium, ngolu hlobo:

• ubisi kunye nobisi neemveliso;
• iintlanzi;
• imifino;
• ukutya okuziinkozo (buckwheat, irayisi, ukubhaka ingqolowa wonke);
• ezithile kwiziqhamo citrus (orenji, tangerines);
• iimbotyi;
• Zonke zepistasi (ingakumbi iiamangile kunye walnuts).

Ukuba ethile nezidlo ukutya okanye awukwazi ukuyisebenzisa kwabo nasiphi na isizathu esisesinye, yokugcwalisa inqanaba le element efunekayo emzimbeni kuya kunceda amachiza calcium-equlethe.

Bonke bephela ezi iityuwa netyhidiweyo ekwaziyo ngokulula kugaywe, ngokukhawuleza zifakwe phezulu egazini kunye emathunjini. Phakathi kwabo kakhulu zithandwa kwaye iluncedo ke zilandelayo.

1. calcium chloride - Solution for ngenaliti okanye ulawulo yomlomo abadala kunye nabantwana. yoxinaniso ezahlukileyo ityuwa ekwakhiweni ezisetyenziselwa "kuqhume ashushu" kuba ebangela imvakalelo xa vkalyvaniem. Kukho iintlobo kunye isiselo iziqhamo lula yokufakwa.
2. Calcium gluconate. Ifumaneka njengoko zithutha (0.25 okanye 0.5 g), kunye nezisombululo ze inaliti efakwa. Amaninzi ngendlela iipilisi iquka ezahlukeneyo iziqhamo.
3. Calcium zincancise - ekhoyo emacwecweni 0.5 g