Oxygen allotropic yokuphila: ixabiso lokuthelekisa uphawu

Atom uhlobo omnye ube yinxalenye kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Kuba element zibonakaliswe yi phawu «O» (lat. WeeTayitile Oxygenium), ababini ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa kwindalo kweziyobisi elula. Ifomula womnye kubo - O _2, okwesibini - O _3. Le allotropic iinguqulelo kancinane oxygen (allotropes). Kukho ezinye izakhi abangathathi zizinze (O O _{4 8).} Ukuze uqonde umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo ukuthanda iimolekyuli uthelekiso kunye neempawu kwezinto.

Yintoni allotropic iinguqulelo?

izinto ezininzi ngamachiza khona iifom ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu. Nganye kwezi iinguqulelo amiliswe-athom olunye uhlobo. Scientist J. Bertsellius ngo-1841 kuqala wachaza allotropism nesenzeko. indlela Vula lalibhekisela ukuchaza isakhiwo molecule kwezinto kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, ababini eyaziwa ukuguqulwa allotropic ioksijini, leyo athom zenze molecule. Kamva, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iinguqulelo ukuze ibe phakathi kwakheka. Ngokutsho concepts mihla, allotropy yenye amatyala polymorphism. Umahluko phakathi kweentlobo iindlela ezibangelwa ukuyilwa iibhondi ikhemikhali iimolekyuli kunye kwakheka. Lo mboniso phawu iindidi elements 13-16 le Table Periodic.

Indlela ezahlukeneyo yee-athom lubonakala iimpawu mba?

ukuguqulwa Allotropic oksijini ozone akhiwa athom element kunye ulandelelwano inombolo 8 kunye nenani elilinganayo electron. Kodwa ezahlukeneyo kubume, kubangela umahluko omkhulu izinto zobumnini.

Izigqibo malunga neziphumo mzekelo: ioksijini allotropic iinguqulelo musa ayashiyana ekwakhiweni qualitative. isakhiwo molecule kuchaphazela iimpawu zomzimba imichiza nezinto.

Ingaba isixa-oksijini ozone kwi nohlobo olufanayo?

Iziyobisi, O ogama ifomula ₂ khona emoyeni, lo kwehayidrosfere, kuqweqwe eziphilayo. Malunga ne-20% kwi-atmosfere wambumba molekyuli diatomic kwe-oksijini. Xa stratosphere kwintaba ephakame malunga 12-50 km ukusuka kumphezulu Umhlaba ngumaleko ebizwa ngokuba "ozone ikhaka". nokubunjwa kwayo ibonisa ifomula _O-3. Ozone ukhusela iplanethi yethu, omnandi kakhulu yelanga eyingozi kwelanga kunye spectrum ebomvu. Ukusetyenziswa xi esoloko itshintsha, yaye yayo ixabiso avareji iphantsi - 0.001%. Ngoko ke, O ₂ kunye no ₃ - allotropic loguqulelo oxygen ukuxabana okubonakalayo zisasazwe indalo.

Njani ukuze ufumane ioksijini kunye ozone?

umoya eziphilayo - iziyobisi ubalulekileyo elula on Earth. It senziwa iindawo uhlaza izityalo ukukhanya inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Xa ugesi imvelaphi zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu ikhefu molecule diatomic oxygen. Lobushushu apho le nkqubo iqala, malunga 2000 ° C. radicals Part evela elidityaniswe kwakhona ukwakha ioksijini. Ezinye iintlobo esebenzayo zisenokuxabana molekyuli diatomic kwe-oksijini. Kule reaction, ozone ifunyenwe, nayo leyo idityaniswe oksijini radicals simahla. Ngenxa yoko kukho iimolekyuli diatomic. ukusabela umva kwenza ukuba xi Kwezinto Eziphelisa esesibhakabhakeni ezihlala ziguquka. Kule nwebu stratosphere ukubunjwa iqulunqwe O ₃ iimolekyuli ngenxa yelanga ukusuka elangeni. Ngaphandle kolu isikhusele reyi eziyingozi akwazi ukufikelela komhlaba niwachithe onke eziphilayo.

Allotropic ukuguqulwa mpilo nesalfure

imichiza O (Oxygenium) kunye S (Isalfure) zicwangciswe kwiqela elinye etafileni ngamaxesha athile, baya luphawulwa ukuyilwa iifom allotropic. Iimolekyuli ezinamanani ezahlukeneyo sulfur (2, 4, 6, 8) phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, i-en- - S8, esifana ukwimo isithsaba. I-sulphur orthorhombic kunye monoclinic yakhiwe loo iimolekyuli-8-atom.

Xa amaqondo obushushu 119 ° C ifomu monoclinic yellow brown iifom mass viscous - ukuguqulwa mhle. Uphononongo zokuguqulwa allotropic sulphur neoksijini ibalulekile chemistry ithiyori kunye nemisebenzi practical.

Yandile industrial iipropati oxidative ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. I-ozone isetyenziselwa kweentsholongwane umoya namanzi. Kodwa lokuhlala ngaphezu 0.16 mg / m3, le berhasi ayingozi ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni. kufuneka oxygen eziphilayo yokuphefumla, lisetyenziswa kushishino kunye namayeza. Indima ebalulekileyo imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kudlala allotrope le carbon (diamond, grafayithi), phosphorus (omhlophe, obomvu) kunye neminye imichiza.