Butyl alcohol

Butanol - ligama yemveli omnye alkoholi monovalent. Ukuba usebenza igama ngendlela - 1-butanol, kwakunye nabanye - n-butanol (butanol oqhelekileyo) okanye butyl utywala. Kule molecule utywala yamabanga athom ezine carbon, elidityaniswe omnye komnye, kwaye iqela hydroxyl i indawo enye hydrogen atom le C formula yemichiza lokuqala - C4H9OH, kusengqiqweni - CH3 (CH2) 3OH, ngokwamava - C4H10O.

mass izinyo of n-butanol ilingana 74.1 g / nolovane. Kule imeko eqhelekileyo, oko ulwelo kunye ukuxinana 0,81 g / cm³. Melting point C4H9OH - minus 90,2 ° C, ubushushu abilayo - dibanisa 117,4 ° C. Isalathisi zokunganyangeki ukwimo ecocekileyo ingqamana 1.399. Autoignites 1-butanol kubushushu ka-345 ° C lwaphula kubushushu we 34 ° C.

Butyl utywala isakhiwo ezizizembiwa yomgama apho omnye hydrogen atom kwi-atom kakhulu C ubanjelwe iqela hydroxyl. It has isomers ezintathu Ngokuba negama nokwenza:

• 2-methyl-1-propanol - branched chain ezizizembiwa neqela imethyl kwi yesibini kunye neqela hydroxyl kwi-atom carbon yokuqala;
• 2-butanol - yomgama Isakhiwo ezizizembiwa ukuba iqela hydroxyl kwi-atom carbon yesibini;
• 2-methyl-2-propanol - ezizizembiwa isakhiwo branched kunye imethyl kunye neqela hydroxyl kwi-atom carbon yesibini.

amagama engenamsebenzi mnye ezi izinto ngokulandelelana enye: ISO-butanol (utywala isobutyl), umzuzwana-butanol kunye tert-butanol.

Noko ke, iimolekyuli isomers butanol zahluke kubume, yonke zone izinto kunye C4H9OH indlela jikelele kufuneka lokunybilika ezahlukeneyo, indawo abilayo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, butyl kunye alkoholi isobutyl ziye umda ukunyibilika, ngoxa abanye isomers babini miscible ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi. Oku kungenxa isakhiwo zonke alkoholi (CnH2n + 1OH) iqela hydroxyl obuchaphazela ezichaseneyo, okwenza ukuba ukwandisa ukunyibilika emanzini. Ngelo xesha ukukhula elifanayo athom kwekhabhoni molecule nzima kule nkqubo. Ukuba alkoholi eziziiprayimari ezifana methanol, ethanol kunye propanol zizinto miscible ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi, ngoko n-butanol - ngokulinganisela.

Tert-butyl utywala (ngenye 2-imethyl-2-propanol okanye tert-butanol) - yeyona utywala elula emfundo ephakamileyo. It is a ulwelo ecacileyo (okanye ezingenambala okuqinileyo). Le utywala enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini, ixutywe diethyl kaEtere kunye ethanol. Kuyinto yahlukile phakathi isomers of butanol, kuba oko iyanyangeka bushushu, ndininyibilikise kwiqondo lobushushu kancinane ngasentla 25 ° C. Tert-butanol yi eceleni ekuvelisweni isobutane kunye propylene oxide. oko koko, zingafunyanwa ukuxovwa ekujonganeni of isobutylene.

Njengezinye alkoholi ezininzi, butyl kotywala neziyobisi yingozi. Noko ke, wabonisa inqanaba elisezantsi yetyhefu e izilwanyana elebhu, ngoko unxulumene ekhuselekileyo ngokwaneleyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa zokuthambisa. Nangona kunjalo, siya kuwo eluswini kwi umzimba womntu kunokubangela central system ukudakumba luvo. utywala Iinkcukacha ngamehlo ebangela aphazamiseke kakhulu kubo, ukufumana phezu eluswini - ngokulinganisela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, butanol umzimba ngokukhawuleza carbon dioxide. Le ngozi lokuqala kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni elide ukuya komsi. Ityhefu ezimandundu kukudakumba kwenkqubo luvo yaye zingabangela ukufa.

Igama elithi "utywala technical" ngokufuthi lisetyenziswa ethanol, kodwa kubangelwa abanye oomoya. Ngokomzekelo, xa butanol ithathwa njengenxalenye amafutha motor. Isebenza nge ukusebenza ngaphezu ethanol, njengoko eneji eyenziwe ukutshiswa umlinganiselo ofanayo amafutha kwi C4H9OH ngaphezulu kwe C2H5OH. Butanol lungasetyenziswa isongezo, ukuba amafutha emoto ayekwi, nto leyo eye yanciphisa umxholo umlotha kwi iigesi zeemoto.

Butyl utywala kakhulu isetyenziswa njenge iimveliso kuphela okanye abangabancedani ezwi imichiza, ngokunjalo amafutha. Njengoko isinyibilikisi esetyenziswa eyolukiweyo nemichiza mveliso. Naye isisahlulo neencindi kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye waziqhekeza, okanye, nangona ivumba kwakhe utywala, isiseko lamafutha lawo aqholiweyo.