Didactics ekufundiseni - yintoni na le nto?

Didactics (ukusuka yesiGrike "didaktikos." - "yokufundisa") yi isebe yolwazi zokufundisa izifundo iingxaki uqeqesho kunye nemfundo (didactics esisiseko didi) e pedagogy. Didactics, ukuyala pedagogy, ngezengqondo bayazalana, uboleke omnye izixhobo sengqiqo, iindlela zophando, imigaqo esisiseko, njl Kwakhona iye ezicacileyo zayo didactics iziseko zemfundo ezizodwa, ezijolise inkqubo yoqeqesho nemfundo yabantwana abanala makhwiniba zophuhliso.

umahluko imiqondo

Enye ebalulekileyo didactics na ingqiqo yoqeqesho kunye kwanangamacandelo alo - imfundiso nokufundisa, kwakunye ingqikelelo wemfundo. Isibaluli umahluko (njengoko sichaza didactics ekufundiseni) lulwahlulo iinjongo kunye neendlela. Ngoko ke, lo Ukwakheka nomyalelo ekujoliswe kwakhona njengendlela ekunokufezekiswa ngayo oku.

Ngenxa yoko, uqeqesho iquka amacandelo afana ekufundiseni nokufundisa. Ukufundisa a imisebenzi zoqeqesho lootitshala sikhokelo yenkqubo yabafundi - kwenkcazo somxholo kunye nesiqulatho lo msebenzi. Le nkqubo yokufundisa yi ukwetyisa abafundi umxholo zemfundo. Oku kuquka imisebenzi utitshala (uqeqesho, kweliso) kunye kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngabafundi ngokwabo. Kule nkqubo yokufunda kungathatha indawo zombini ngohlobo zolawulo ngqo kukatitshala (eklasini), kunye hlobo lwemfundo-self.

imisebenzi ephambili

Xa didactics mihla wagqiba ukusebenzisa le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• humanization kwenkqubo yokufunda,
• iyantlukwano individualization zenkqubo yokufunda,
• ukwakha unxibelelwano intersubject phakathi izifundo ezenziweyo,
• ukubunjwa abafundi umsebenzi cognitive
• kuphuhliso ingqondo,
• ukuyilwa iimpawu yokuziphatha kunye volitional ubuntu.

Ngoko ke, ingxaki didactics ekufundiseni zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili. Kwelinye icala, lo msebenzi ebomini ngokweenkcazo ingcaciso loqeqesho kunye nemiqathango inkqubo yayo ukusebenza; kwelinye - ukuphuhlisa umbutho ngokupheleleyo nkqubo, iinkqubo ezintsha zoqeqesho kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Izimiso didactics

Xa efundisa, imigaqo zokufundisa ngeenjongo zokufumanisa umxholo, iintlobo lombutho kunye neendlela zokufunda ngokungqinelana neenjongo kunye neepateni zemfundo kunye nenkqubo yoqeqesho.

Isiseko yale migaqo iingcinga ezisetyenziswa K. D. Ushinskogo, Ya. A. Komenskogo kunye nabanye. Kule meko sithetha kuphela ngezimvo kwezesayensi-based ezixhasa didactics ekufundiseni. Ngokomzekelo, Ya. A. Komenskim laliqulunqwe yi babizwa ngokuba didactics ulawulo zegolide ngokwenani apho inkqubo yokufunda kufuneka ibandakanye onke amalungu iimvakalelo umfundi. Emva koko, lo mbono uye waba ngomnye isitshixo, phezu apho didactics ekufundiseni. imigaqo esisiseko:

• lwezenzululwazi,
• amandla
• ufikelelo (nakho)
• ukuphaphama kunye nomsebenzi,
• ubudlelwane phakathi ulwazi lweenkcukacha zobungcali nemakwenziwe,
• ngendlela sequence
• ukucaciselwa.

isimiso zesayensi

Injongo ekuphuhliseni ulwazi abafundi 'yenzululwazi zakhiwo. Umgaqo iphunyeziwe ekuhlalutyeni izinto zokufundisa, izimvo zalo ezingundoqo, nto leyo yabela didactics. Xa ukufundisa, oko kuyinto material noqeqesho liyazifezekisa iinqobo zenzululwazi, - kukuthembela izibakala lusekiwe, ubukho imizekelo eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo ecacileyo ingqiqo (esayensi).

amandla umgaqo ka

Lo mgaqo ichaza didactics ekufundiseni. Yintoni na? Kwelinye icala, lo mgaqo amandla ngenxa iinjongo zelo ziko, kwelinye - imithetho yenkqubo yokufunda ngokwayo. Xa ufuna inkxaso kwi ulwazi, izakhono nobuchule (Zun) kuzo zonke izigaba ezilandelayo zoqeqesho, ngokunjalo isicelo sabo lweprakhthikhali kuyimfuneko ukuze ususe le ndodla yabo nokugcinwa elide kwinkumbulo.

Umgaqo kokufikeleleka (ukuba nakho)

Kugxininiswa amathuba ngokwenene abafundi ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuxinana ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela lo mgaqo kwinkqubo yokufunda, njengoko umthetho, nokuncipha ezixhasayo umfundi. Kwakhona unesifo komsebenzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni sidinwe. Kwelinye ngokugqithileyo - lula ngokugqithisileyo indaba, nto leyo nayo akufaneleyo ukufunda ngempumelelo. Kuba inxenye yayo, didactics njengoko isebe pedagogy uchaza umgaqo kokufumaneka njenge umendo ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo; ukusuka eyaziwayo angayaziyo, ukusuka ethile ukuya jikelele, njl

iindlela zokufundisa, ngokutsho ingcamango classical L. S. Vygotskogo, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kummandla "wophuhliso proximal", ukuphuhlisa amandla nobuchule umntwana. Ngamanye amazwi, imfundo kufuneka akhokele uphuhliso umntwana. Ngaphezu koko, lo mgaqo inokuba awohluke phantsi iindlela ezithile zokufundisa. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iinkqubo ecetywayo ukufunda izinto lokuqala ikhosi libe ngu kuthi akusondela, kunye ephambili, kungekhona izinto ngamnye, kunye nezakhiwo zawo, njl

ukuphaphama kunye nomsebenzi siseko

Imigaqo didactics ekufundiseni ejoliswe ngqo nje kuphela kwinkqubo yokufunda ngokwayo, kodwa kwi sokumiswa yokuziphatha efanelekileyo umfundi. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo sezingqondweni umsebenzi kubandakanya umbono nenjongo esebenzayo ngabafundi Eyona nto ngaye, kwakunye ukuqonda kwabo, ku ri ngobuchule kunye nesicelo practical. Iyona malunga nomsebenzi kwinkqubo self-ulwazi lokufumanisa kunokuba ekulondolozeni yabo yesiqhelo. Ukuze usebenzise le mgaqo nkqubo yokufunda zilangazelelwa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ezahlukeneyo zivuse umsebenzi nasengqondweni abafundi. Didactics, pedagogy, ngezengqondo kufuneka ngokulinganayo kugxininisa kwezibonelelo zabantu kwisifundo isifundo, kuquka izakhono yayo yendalo kunye heuristic.

Ngokutsho ingqiqo L. N. Zankova, egwebayo kwinkqubo yokufunda, kwelinye icala, utoliko ulwazi abafundi kwinqanaba ingqiqo, yaye kwelinye - ukuqonda ixabiso uvimba wolwazi isicelo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uyoyiswa ubuchule ethile yokufunda, leyo, ifuna inqanaba eliphezulu sezingqondweni umsebenzi wabafundi.

Umgaqo theory and practice zonxibelelwano

bulumko ezahlukeneyo umkhuba wakhuthaza elide kwingongoma nganye inyaniso yolwazi kunye nomthombo umsebenzi cognitive kwesi sifundo. Kule Loo mgaqo kunye didactics. Xa efundisa, kuba umlinganiselo ukusebenza ulwazi olufundiweyo ngabafundi. Okukhona olu lwazi esibonakaliswa yokusebenza, i okukhulu wabonakalaliswa bengasenasazela abafundi kwinkqubo yokufunda, kokukhona umdla wabo kule nkqubo.

Umgaqo ukusebenzisa indlela efanayo

Didactics ekufundiseni - Iyona ligxile njalo ethile ulwazi zesini. Phantsi amalungiselelo zenzululwazi esisiseko, esi sifundo ingaqatshelwa umnini, ulwazi kakuhle lokwenene kuphela xa ekhoyo engqondweni umfanekiso ocacileyo yommandla behlabathi lwangaphandle ngokohlobo inkqubo concepts ezihambelanayo.

Formation kwale nkqubo ulwazi lwenzululwazi kufuneka athathe indawo ngolandelelwano ethile, banikwe logic ngezixhobo zokufundisa, kwakunye ubuchule ngokwasengqondweni kwabafundi. inkqubo yokufunda isantya kuhlile kakhulu Ukungaphumeleli ukulandela lo mgaqo.

Umgaqo ukucaciselwa

Ya. A. Komensky wabhala ukuba inkqubo yokufunda kufuneka isekelwe kusakhelwa lobuqu labafundi nokucacelwa yazo yenyama. Ngelo xesha elinye icandelo pedagogy yayisetyenziselwa uchonga imisebenzi nokuthelekelela eziliqela iyohluka, kuxhomekeka nkcukacha ze kwisigaba esithile isifundo: umfanekiso ayanceda yinto zokufunda, njengoko inkxaso unxulumano olunokuba luncedo phakathi iipropati into ngamnye (imizobo, imizobo), njl

Ngenxa yoko, ngokungqinelana nenqanaba nekhono lokuhlaziya abafundi ntlobo zilandelayo nokuthelekelela (Classification T. I. Ilinoy):

• ukucaciselwa yendalo (swi abalawulwa yinyani);
• ukubonakala yokulinga (yaqaphela yemifuniselo kunye experiments);
• volume ngeso (ukusetyenziswa iimodeli, Ubeko, iimilo ezahlukeneyo, njl);
• ukucaciselwa kwiimpawu zokubala (olwenziwe esebenzisa imizobo, imizobo kunye neefoto);
• sound-kwiimpawu zokubala ukucaciselwa (ngokusebenzisa amaqhosha bhanyabhanya kunye TV);
• ngeso bemiqondiso kunye oluntanganye (usebenzisa ifomula, iimaphu, iitshathi iigrafu);
• ukubonakala yangaphakathi (indalo lweepateni intetho).

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo yayisetyenziselwa

Ukuqonda uhlobo inkqubo yemfundo le ngongoma ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ngqo yayisetyenziselwa. Xa imfundiso le ngcamango kubonakala kakhulu ngokwembono iinjongo zokufunda lubalaseleyo. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinkulu yeengcingane yokufunda:

• Yayisetyenziselwa Encyclopedic (Ya. A. Komensky, J. Milton, IV Basedov.) Njengoko injongo olongamileyo transfer ngokuthanda ubuninzi ngokwemimiselo amava ulwazi lomfundi ukufunda. Kuyimfuneko, kwelinye icala, iindlela zemfundo ngamandla ezinikwe ngutitshala, kwelinye - ubukho umsebenzi oluzimeleyo abafundi ngokwabo esebenzayo.
• icala yayisetyenziselwa (I. Pestalozzi, A. Disterverg, Nemeyer A., Schmidt, A. B. Dobrovolsky): ugxininiso kwi ubungakanani ulwazi ikhutshelwa kuphuhliso ubuchule kunye neemfuno zabafundi. Le thesis basic uba ilizwi endala Heraclitus: "Mnogoznanie ingqondo ayifundisi." Ngako oko, kubalulekile kuqala ukwenza isakhono umfundi ukucinga ngokuchanekileyo.
• ebambekayo yayisetyenziselwa okanye utilitarianism (J. Dewey, G. Georg Kerschensteiner.) - zoqeqesho njengoko ngokutsha amava abafundi '. Ngokwale ndlela, wabongamela amava loluntu kufuneka kwenzeke ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso zonke iintlobo umsebenzi wentlalo. Uphononongo izifundo sithile endaweni exercises ezenziwayo kwi familiarizing umfundi nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela abafundi babe nenkululeko epheleleyo kwizifundo ezikhethiweyo. Eyona ethile yale ndlela - ukugxojwa ngolwalamano dialectical yemisebenzi ezenziwayo kunye nasengqondweni.
• ezibonakalayo esebenzayo (B. windows): ingqalelo i uxhulumaniso ebalulekileyo kunye nemisebenzi ulwazi. Zifundo kufuneka bajolise iingcamango ezingundoqo (umzabalazo yeklasi kwimbali yendaleko eziphilayo, nokuxhomekeka esebenza zemathematika, njl) bulumko ukubaluleka. Eyona eqhwalela ephambili yeli gama: isehlisa izinto zokufundisa kuphela ngezimvo elihamba yenkqubo yokufumana ulwazi aze ziyancipha umlinganiswa.
• indlela Paradigmatic (G. Sheyerl): ukwaliwa nembali kunye namaxabiso okomqondo ulandelelwano kwinkqubo yokufunda. Material iinqununu ukuba zinike Focus, ngamanye ingqalelo izinto ezithile eziqhelekileyo. Ngako oko, akukho nto kukwaphula siseko iinkqubo.
• indlela Cybernetic (EI Mashbits, S. I. Arhangelsky) isebenza njenge inkqubo yoqeqesho ulwazi processing kunye transmission, nto leyo ebonisa ingakumbi yayisetyenziselwa. Oku kukuvumela ukuba usebenzise ekufundiseni imfundiso iinkqubo zengcaciso.
• Indlela associative (J. Locke.): Isiseko nokufunda ingqalelo ulwazi labona. A indima eyahlukileyo imifanekiso ebonwayo, negalelo kwimisebenzi yengqondo enjalo abafundi, njengoko a gabalala. Le mithambo zisetyenziswa ndlela noqeqesho lokuqala. Akumthathi ingqalelo indima bobuchule kunye self-ukukhangelwa inkqubo ukufunyanwa kolwazi ngabafundi.
• Ingcamango ukuyilwa kancinane yemisebenzi yengqondo (P. Ya. Galperin, NF Talyzina). Imfundo kufuneka uye kwizigaba ezithile, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano: yayibhekisela kwinkqubo intshukumo kunye neemeko ngokubulawa yayo, ukuyilwa ngokwawo amanyathelo deployment kunye imisebenzi yayo engqinelanayo; inkqubo yokwakha amanyathelo kwintetho engaphakathi, amanyathelo kwinkqubo yeenguqu ekhutshwa ukusebenza kwengqondo. Le mbono lusebenza ingakumbi xa uqeqesho iqala into okuqonda (umzekelo, iimbaleki, abaqhubi, iimvumi). Kwezinye iimeko, le ngcamango ibakala ukubunjwa iintshukumo yengqondo ukuze kuphela.
• indlela Management (V. Yakunin): inkqubo yokufunda uthathwa ukulawula indawo kunye namanyathelo zolawulo ezisisiseko. Le njongo, iinkcukacha ezigcinwayo zokufunda, uqikelelo, isigqibo esinjalo, ekwenziweni kwesi sigqibo, isigaba unxibelelwano, ukubeka esweni novavanyo, ukulungiswa.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, didactics - icandelo le pedagogy, iingxaki ekufundeni ukufunda. Ngenxa yoko, le ngcamango zokufundisa kugqalwa inkqubo yokufunda ngokwemiqathango iinjongo zemfundo elibalaseleyo, kwakunye ngokungqinelana nenkqubo ethile yonxulumano phakathi kootitshala nabafundi.